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Understanding subduction zone earthquakes.

Understanding subduction zone earthquakes.

The Arabian Sea is a significant hypoxic region in world's oceans, characterized by the most extensive oxygen minimum zones (OMZs). Both physical and biological processes can alter the vertical and horizontal distribution of dissolved oxygen within the upper ocean and affect the spatial and temporal distribution of hypoxia within the OMZ. To identify the key physical and biological factors influencing the boundaries of oxycline, we analyzed an extensive dataset collected from the biogeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) floats during the period of 2010-2022. In particular, we investigated the impact of physical subduction events on the oxycline. Our results shows that the upper boundary of the oxycline deepened in summer and winter, and seemed to be controlled by the mixed layer depth. In contrast, it was shallower during spring and autumn, mainly regulated by the deep chlorophyll maximum. The lower boundary of the oxycline in the western Arabian Sea was predominantly controlled by regional upwelling and downwelling, as well as Rossby waves in the eastern Arabian Sea. Subduction patches originated from the Arabian Sea High Salinity Water (ASHSW) were observed from the BGC-Argo data, which were found to deepen the lower boundary of the oxycline, and increase the oxygen inventory within the oxycline by 8.3%, leading to a partial decrease in hypoxia levels.

The Java Trench is the only subduction trench in the Indian Ocean that extends to the hadal zone (> 6,000 m water depth), and except for sevenbenthic trawls acquired around the 1950s, there has been little to no sampling at hadal depths undertaken since. In 2019, we undertook a 5-day expedition comprising a scientific dive using a full ocean depth-rated submersible, the DSV Limiting Factor, seven hadal-lander deployments, and high-resolution bathymetric survey. The submersible performed a video transect from the deepest point of the trench, up a 150 m high near-vertical escarpment located on the forearc, and then across a plateau at a depth of ∼7,050 m to make in situ observations of the habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity inhabiting these hadal depths. We found the Java Trench hadal community to be diverse and represented by 10 phyla, 21 classes, 34 orders and 55 families, with many new records and extensions in either depth or geographic range, including a rare encounter of a hadal ascidian. The submersible transect revealed six habitats spanning the terrain. The deepest trench axis comprised fine-grained sediments dominated by holothurians, whereas evidence of active rock slope failure and associated talus deposits were prevalent in near-vertical and vertical sections of the escarpment. Sediment pockets and sediment pouring down the steep wall in "chutes" were commonly observed. The slope terrain was dominated by two species in the order Actiniaria and an asteroid, as well as 36 instances of orange, yellow, and white bacterial mats, likely exploiting discontinuities in the exposed bedrock, that may indicate a prevalence of chemosynthetic input into this hadal ecosystem. Near the top of the escarpment was an overhang populated by > 100 hexactinellid (glass) sponges. The substrate of the plateau returned to fine-grained sediment, but with a decreased density and diversity of epifauna relative to the trench floor. By providing the first visual insights of the h

Sediment that eroded from the Himalayas and Tibetan plateau over millions of years was transported thousands of kilometers by rivers and in the Indian Ocean - and became sufficiently thick over time to generate temperatures warm enough to strengthen the sediment and increase the severity of the catastrophic 2004 Sumatra earthquake.

Ten Years After Indonesian Tsunami, Are Coasts Any Safer?

Ten Years After Indonesian Tsunami, Are Coasts Any Safer?