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Objective: The aims of the study were to assess whether women during the first year of college experience (1) significant weight gain; (2) a prospective relation between dietary restraint and weight gain; (3) an increase in disordered eating; and (4) a prospective relation between dietary restraint or concern about the Freshmen 15 (i.e., weight gain of 15 lbs during the freshman year of college) and disordered eating.\n\nMethod\nParticipants were 336 female students in their first year of college who completed questionnaire measures of Body Mass Index (BMI), eating disorder pathology, dietary restraint, body image, and self-esteem.\n\nResults\nParticipants' mean weight gain was approximately 3 lbs (1.5 kg), and among those who gained weight, the mean gain was 7.32 lbs (3.3 kg). Dietary restraint in September did not predict weight change in April, but participants who lost weight reported significantly greater dietary restraint than those participants who gained weight. Eating disorder symptoms increased significantly from September to April. Dietary restraint, concern about the "Freshman 15", and self-esteem in September uniquely predicted EDE-Q Weight and Shape Concern subscale scores in April.\n\nDiscussion\nFemale students in their first year of college gain a small but significant amount of weight, and weight gain was mostly unrelated to dietary restraint. Disordered eating increases during the first year of college and, is predicted by prospective dietary restraint and concerns about weight gain.

Earlier studies associated the first year of college with a dramatic increase in body weight, termed the "freshman 15". However, recent studies showed that weight gain might be smaller. The purpose of this review was to evaluate the extent of observed weight/body composition changes, including factors associated with them, among students entering university. Searches were conducted for studies examining weight/body composition changes during freshman semesters. Most studies were not comprehensive in assessing numerous potential causative factors for weight gain. Methods for assessing diet, physical activity, and behavioral factors varied among studies. Weight changes were often not quantified by measures of body composition (lean/fat) to ascertain that changes were limited just to gains in fat mass. Overall, weight changes ranged from 0.7-3.1 kg, but among individuals who gained weight, the range was narrower, 3.1-3.4 kg. There may be specific groups of students with a greater predisposition for weight gain and future research should focus on identifying those groups.

Dryden, Jim. "Study finds most students gain weight during early college years." Newsroom. Washington University, St. Louis, 5 September 2005. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. \n\nReporting in the Journal of American College Health, the research team found that about 70 percent of students gained a significant amount of weight between the start of college and the end of sophomore year. One researcher states that these results are not surprising to him because normally eating habits incollege students are not great. He also states that most don't eat five fruits and vegetables per day, and many don't get enough exercise. The average weight gain was nine pounds, but why they gained the weight isn't completely understood. \n

Saules, Karen. "The contributions of weight problem perception, BMI, gender, mood, and smoking status to binge eating among college students." Eating Behaviors 10.1 (2009): 1-9. Ohio Link. Web. 8 Nov. 2010.\n\nCollege student participants completed a web-based survey assessing demographics, depression, anxiety, body image, cigarette smoking, and weight history. Among overweight participants, 42.6% of those who believed they were overweight admitted to binge eating, while only 30.1% who did not feel overweight did so. Among non-overweight participants, 43.2% of those who believed they were overweight admitted to binge eating, while only 32.9% of those who did not feel overweight did so. Weight Problem Perception mediated the contribution of BMI on binge eating outcomes, and WPP contributed significantly to the prediction of binge eating, beyond the risk conferred by established correlates of binge eating ( gender, mood, and cigarette smoking). Results suggest that when assessing risk for binge eating, a one-question assessment of whether or not an individual believes he or she is overweight has significant predictive power.

Crombie, Aaron P, et al. "The freshman weight gain phenomenon revisited." Nutrition Reviews 67.2 (2009), 83-94. The "freshman 15" is something every college student worries about. This article is reviewing the studies that have been done on this topic and seeing possible factors of it. They list that possible factors could be alcohol, change in physical activity, and many more. It also researches the differences between men and women in this subject. They come to conclude that freshman normally do not actually gain 15, but it appears more like it because it is less likely to be in lean weight.

Lloyd-Richardson, Elizabeth. "The relationship between alcohol use, eating habits and weight change in college freshmen." Eating Behaviors 9.4 (2008): 504-8. Ohio Link. Web. 8 Nov. 2010.\n\nA group of reasearchers preformed a study that aimed to improve understanding of how alcohol consumption in college freshmen affects eating patterns before, during, and after drinking, as well as its relation to body weight change. They used \ntwo hundred eighty-two college freshmen (61% female; 59% Caucasian) completed measures of alcohol use, measured body mass index (BMI), and eating and activity habits before, during and following drinking episodes. Students were categorized by drinking status (non-drinker, low-risk, and moderate/high-risk) in order to explore group differences. There results were that moderate risk drinkers were more likely than low-risk drinkers to report increases in appetite after drinking, with nearly half of students reporting overeating and making unhealthy food choices following drinking. Moderate-risk drinkers also demonstrated significant increases in 1st semester BMI change, relative to non-drinkers and low-risk drinkers.\n\n\n\n

Delinsky, Sherrie S. and G. Terence Wilson. "Weight gain, dietary restraint, and disordered eating in the freshman year of college." Eating Behaviors 9.1 (2008), 82-90. Eating disorders, lack in proper dietary intake, and skipping meals is an ongoing trend in the college freshman women. This article wants to find the link between these and the disorders that are coming cross these women. This experiment was conducted through questionnaires and by weighing the participants. By measuring the BMI from when they first met in beginning of the year and the end of the year the expirementer was able to come up with several conclusions and theories.

Jackson, Rebecca. "The relationship between lifestyle and campus eating behaviors in mal and females." College Student Journal 43.1 (2009): 860-871. Ebscohost. Web. 22 Nov. 2010.

Poor nutritional practices and heightened levels of stress, two common attributes of university life, are strongly linked with weight gain and decreased health. Little research has examined the relationships between university students' lifestyle factors and campus eating behaviours; therefore, this study aimed to examine relationships between lifestyle and campus eating behaviour. Both lifestyle and eating behaviour questionnaires were developed and administered to male and female undergraduate students at a Canadian university. Students whose living arrangements had not changed since high school consumed less alcohol than individuals who moved away from their previous dwellings. Fast food consumption was also significantly related to lower physical activity levels and higher expenditures for food on campus. Males also consumed more alcohol than females and spent more money for food on campus. Conclusion. Relationships do exist between lifestyle and campus eating behaviour. These results may be used as a foundation for future research on the effect of lifestyle on eating behaviours and nutritional status in university age student

Pheifer, Todd. "The Effect of Alcohol Consumption by College Students on their Study Habits ." Helium.com. DMCA, n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2010 This article explains what happens to a student's study habits when they drink. It discusses how although a student usually isn't drinking while doing their school work, the hangovers that occur after drinking cause alot of the problems. It also touches about the effects alcohol has on a college student's health, for example drinking causes weight gain. The final topic the article discusses is how alcohol creates a major distraction and causes students to focus less on school.