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Heather Purpera

Scrupuli: Who Invented the CD and the CD-ROM? - 0 views

    • Heather Purpera
       
      Jul 28, 2000 8:37 PM-James Russell thought of it in 1965 while working for Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U. S. Department of Energy. His idea, known as Optical Digital Recording (ODR), was to store information digitally on photosensitive film using a laser to record and to play back. In 1974, for his work on ODR, Russell was honored with an R&D 100 Award. By 1980 he had made the first disk player.
  • For a long time Battelle was unable to interest anyone else in ODR. Eventually Sony and Philips licensed it, established a proprietary ODR format for audio called “Compact Disc” (CD), and delivered a commercial product in 1982, followed in 1985 with a related ODR format for data called CD-ROM. Sony and Philips call these their “inventions”, misleading many into seeing Sony and Philips as visionary. They are often given sole credit for this revolutionary technology. In actuality, their contribution was to bring Russell’s system to market, and only after taking two decades to recognize its value.
  • As you might expect, Sony and Philips have made millions, and Russell himself got nothing.
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    • Heather Purpera
       
      Russell got nothing as expected yet Sony and Philips have gotten all the fame and made "millions"!!!
  • Russell invented it Fred Moody: CD-ROM Inventor Strikes Again
  • Sony and Philips co-invented it
  • ment.
  • It is now 14 years since Sony and Philips launched the Compact Disc digital audio format and gave the world its first taste of digital entertain
  • Jul 28, 2000 8:37 PM–James Russell thought of it in 1965 while working for Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the U. S. Department of Energy. His idea, known as Optical Digital Recording (ODR), was to store information digitally on photosensitive film using a laser to record and to play back. In 1974, for his work on ODR, Russell was honored with an R&D 100 Award. By 1980 he had made the first disk player.
justin creed

Post-It Notes Were Invented By Accident - 1 views

  • There were actually two accidents that lead to the invention of the Post-It note.  The first was by Spencer Silver.  According to the former Vice President of Technical Operations for 3M Geoff Nicholson (now retired), in 1968, Silver was working at 3M trying to create super strong adhesives for use in the aerospace industry in building planes.  Instead of a super strong adhesive, though, he accidentally managed to create an incredibly weak, pressure sensitive adhesive agent called Acrylate Copolymer Microspheres.
  • It did have two interesting features, though.  The first is that, when stuck to a surface, it can be peeled away without leaving any residue. 
  • Specifically, the acrylic spheres only stick well to surfaces where they are tangent to the surface, thus allowing weak enough adhesion to be able to be peeled easily.  The second big feature is that the adhesive is re-usable, thanks to the fact that the spheres are incredibly strong and resist breaking, dissolving, or melting.   Despite these two notable features, no one, not even Silver himself, could think up a good marketable use for it.  Thus, even with Silver promoting it for five years straight to various 3M employees, the adhesive was more or less shelved. Finally, in 1973, when Geoff Nicholson was made products laboratory manager at 3M, Silver approached him immediately with the adhesive and gave him samples to play with. 
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  • Silver also suggested what he saw as his best idea for what to use the adhesive for, making a bulletin board with the adhesive sprayed on it.  One could then stick pieces of paper to the bulletin board without tacks, tape, or the like.  The paper could subsequently be easily removed without any residue being left on the sheets.  While this was a decent idea, it wasn’t seen as potentially profitable enough as annual bulletin board sales are fairly low.
  • Now enter the second accident by chemical engineer Art Fry.  Besides working at 3M as a Product Development Engineer and being familiar with Silver’s adhesive thanks to attending one of Silver’s seminars on the low-tack adhesive, he also sung in a church choir in St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • One little problem he continually had to deal with was accidentally losing his song page markers in his hymn book while singing, with them falling out of the hymnal.  From this, he eventually had the stroke of genius to use some of Silver’s adhesive to help keep the slips of paper in the hymnal.
  • Fry then suggested to Nicholson and Silver that they were using the adhesive backwards.  Instead of sticking the adhesive to the bulletin board, they should “put it on a piece of paper and then we can stick it to anything.”
  • This initially proved easier said than done, in terms of practical application.  It was easy enough to get the adhesive on the paper, but the early prototypes had the problem that the adhesive would often detach from the paper and stay on the object the paper was stuck to, or, at least, leave some of the adhesive behind in this way.  There was no such problem with the bulletin boards Silver had made because he had specifically made them so that the adhesive would bond better with the board than the paper. Two other 3M employees now entered the scene, Roger Merrill and Henry Courtney.  The two were tasked with coming up with a coating that could be put on the paper to make the adhesive stay bonded to it and not be left behind on whatever the paper was stuck to when it was removed, a task at which they were ultimately successful at achieving. Interestingly, because management at 3M still didn’t think the product would be commercially successful, they more or less shelved it for three years, even though the Post-It notes were extremely popular internally at 3M labs during that span.    Finally, in 1977, 3M began running test sale runs of the Post-It note, then called “Press ‘n Peel”, in a certain areas in four different cities to see if people would buy and use the product.  It turned out, no one much did, which confirmed in the minds of the executives that it wasn’t a good commercial product.
  • Luckily for offices the world over, Nicholson and Joe Ramey, Nicholson’s boss, didn’t feel like giving up yet.  They felt the marketing department had dropped the ball in that they hadn’t given businesses and people samples of the product to use to let them see for themselves how useful the notes could be.  So a year after the initial flop, 3M tried again to introduce the Post-It note to the world, this time giving huge amounts of free sample Post-It note pads away in Boise, Idaho, with the campaign deemed “The Boise Blitz”. 
  • This time, the re-order rate went from almost nothing, in the previous attempt, to 90% of the people and businesses that had received the free samples.  For reference, this was double the best initial rate 3M had ever seen for any other product they’d introduced.  Two years later, the Post-It note was released throughout the United States.
  • So after 5 years of constant rejection for the adhesive and another seven years in development and initial rejection, Post-It notes were finally a hit and have since become a mainstay in offices the world over, today being one of the top five best selling office supply products in the world.
  • Ever wonder why the standard color for Post-It notes is yellow?  It turns out this was kind of an accident as well.  The official story from some at 3M is that it was because it created a “good emotional connection with users” and that it would “contrast well stuck to white paper”.  However, according to Geoff Nicholson there was no such thought given to the color.  The real reason Post-It notes were yellow was simply because the lab next door to where they were working on the Post-It note “had some scrap yellow paper – that’s why they were yellow; and when we went back and said ‘hey guys, you got any more scrap yellow paper?’ they said ‘you want any more go buy it yourself’, and that’s what we did, and that’s why they were yellow. To me it was another one of those incredible accidents. It was not thought out; nobody said they’d better be yellow rather than white because they would blend in – it was a pure accident.”
  • Another obstacle in the initial launch of Post-It notes was that, because it was a completely new type of product, it required the construction of new machinery to mass produce the Post-It note pads, which was initially prohibitively expensive for a product seen by many within 3M as destined for commercial failure.
  • While most Post-It notes only have a thin strip of adhesive, you can buy Post-It notes that are completely covered in the back with the adhesive.  One example of a place this type of note is used is at the U.S. postal service.  These full adhesive backed notes are used there on forwarded mail.
  • Post-It notes received an upgrade in 2003 when 3M launched a new version of the Post-It note with super sticky glue that has better adhesion to vertical surfaces.
  • Spencer Silver holds a total of 22 patents, including the patent for the “low-tack, reusable, pressure sensitive adhesive” used in Post-It notes (Patent#: 3,691,140).  Silver is still working at 3M today in their special adhesives department.  He also has a doctorate in organic chemistry, which he received two years before inventing the adhesive used in Post-It notes.  On the side, his favorite past time is painting using pastels and oils, which he apparently is extremely accomplished at.
  •  Post-It notes are occasionally used in art-work.  One such famous example was in 2008 when Shay Hovell used 12,000 Post-It notes to create a replica of the Mona Lisa.  The most expensive Post-It note art piece was done by R.B. Kitaj and sold for £640 (about $1000) in 2000.
  • Art Fry received his early education in a one room schoolhouse.  He studied chemistry at the University of Minnesota and was hired while still in school at the “Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company”, which later was re-named 3M.  He retired from 3M in the early 1990s.
Katie Gatliff

organized thoughts - Google Drive - 1 views

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    This is just a document i made that has a quick summary of each thing needed for the paper
justin creed

Final Word: Post-it Notes have stuck around for a reason - USATODAY.com - 0 views

  • April marks the 30th anniversary of the Post-it Note.
  • It all began in 1968 when scientist Spencer Silver discovered a unique adhesive that would not only stick to surfaces, but could also be repositioned. Then along came Silver's colleague, Art Fry, who was having trouble keeping his bookmark in his hymnal while singing in the church choir. So Fry applied the adhesive to create a bookmark, soon realizing he had found a new way to mark the spot, so to speak.
  • My love affair with the Post-it stems from the fact I'm a habitual listmaker. There are lists on the kitchen counter. Lists at my desk. Lists everywhere. This doesn't mean that my life is any more organized, but I think it is, and that's all that matters. I even cross things off my lists on occasion. Nothing gives me more pleasure. I sometimes even put something on a list and cross it off immediately, just to feel that satisfaction. I know that's a form of cheating, but I don't care. It works for me. For the past 30 years, my lists have been on Post-its. What I love about them is that they know their place. Post-its don't wander. The stay put, which is the whole point. (I also stick with Canary Yellow Post-its. Always the traditionalist.)
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  • I think it's a better system than using your brain. Your brain can fail you. A Post-it never will. The only time a Post-it will fail is late at night. I can only assume that since the trusty pad hails from Minnesota, it's a sensible product with an early-to-bed mentality. There's a Post-it pad next to my bed so I can record every brilliant thought that might come to me at 3 in the morning. Roll over, write it down, fall back to sleep. SURF! was scribbled on the pad the other morning. I don't have a clue what it means, but obviously it's important. A Post-it never lies.
Katie Gatliff

Bradley, Milton -- Britannica School - 0 views

  • born on Nov. 8, 1836, in Vienna, Me. As the owner of a lithography shop, he was looking for a profitable product to manufacture when he thought of printing board games. He created one called The Checkered Game of Life in the early 1860s and successfully peddled it all over New York State. He formed the Milton Bradley Company, which produced other games and standardized and popularized croquet in America.
  • (1836–1911), U.S. manufacturer.
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    Britanica
Chad Amico

Inventor of the Week: Archive - 0 views

    • Chad Amico
       
      How post it notes were thought of and how the were introduced nationwide
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    The bottom of the website is the part you will most likely need.
Jessi Bennett

PCL | Applications and End Uses | historyofcellophane - 0 views

  • Cellophane was invented by Jacques E. Brandenberger in 1908, a Swiss textile engineer who first thought of the idea for a clear, protective, packaging layer in 1900.
  • Brandenberger was seated at a restaurant when a customer spilt wine onto the tablecloth. As the waiter replaced the cloth, Brandenberger decided that he would invent a clear flexible film that could be applyed to cloth, making it waterproof.
  • tried applying liquid viscose (a cellulose product known as rayon) to cloth, but the viscose made the cloth too stiff. His idea failed but he noted that the coating peeled off in a transparent film. Like so many inventions, the original use was abandoned and new and better uses were found.
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  • By 1908, he developed the first machine for the manufacture of transparent sheets of regenerated cellulose. By 1912, Brandenberger was making a saleable thin flexible film used in gas masks.
  • In 1917 Brandenberger assigned his patents to La Cellophane Societe Anonyme and joined that organization.
  • In the manufacturing process, an alkaline solution of cellulose fibres (usually wood or cotton) known as viscose is extruded through a narrow slit into an acid bath. The acid regenerates the cellulose, forming a film. Further treatment, such as washing and bleaching, yields cellophane.
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    cellophane
Nathanael Nix

Profile: Thirtieth anniversary of first handheld cellular phone call [DP]: Kids Search ... - 1 views

  • 11:00 AM-12:00 Noon , Thirty years ago today a man stood on a New York City sidewalk and changed history. Martin Cooper, who worked for Motorola, invented the handheld cell phone. On April 3rd, 1973, he placed the first call to the competition.
  • I called my counterpart at Bell Laboratories, a guy named Dr. Joel Engell, who was running the cellular telephone program at Bell Laboratories, and I told him, `Joel, I'm calling you from a real cellular telephone, a handheld unit.' Now I thought I could hear gnashing of teeth at the other end, but Joel was polite. And then I went on to other phone calls.
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    This is a pretty good website about Martin Cooper and the invention of the first cell phone, it has some pretty good information.
justin creed

Fun Facts About Paper Sticky Notes | Paper Views - 0 views

  • Sticky notes seem to be a part of everyday life. They are found in homes, classrooms and offices. You may be wondering…how did the sticky note come to be? Well here is the answer…According to Post-it®Brand’s website, Dr. Spencer Silver, a 3M scientist, developed a repositionable adhesive, but he didn’t know what to do with his discovery. It wasn’t until six years later that his colleague, Art Fry, thought of a use for the adhesive.
  • 1980 – Post-it® Notes are introduced in the United States 1987 – Post-it®Flags are introduced 1990 – Post-it® Notes celebrate their 10 year anniversary 1991 – Post-it® Pop Up Notes are introduced 1994 – Post-it® Easel Pads are introduced. 2003 – Post-it®Super Sticky Notes are developed and practically stick to almost               any surface 2009 – Post-it® Labels & Post-it Flag Highlighters are introduced 2010 – Post-it® Laptop Note Dispensers are introduced
  • fun facts about the history of the Post-it® Note
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  • A Post-it® Note weathered a flight from Las Vegas to Minneapolis on the nose of the plane. It endured speeds of 500 mph and temperatures as low as -56 degree Fahrenheit. It would take approximately 506,880,000 Post-it® Notes to circle the world once 1989 – A family left a Post-it® Note on their front door during Hurricane Hugo and it was their 3 days later 2000 – Llze Vitolina created a line of avant-garde evening wear made from Post-it® Notes. She made 11 dresses total, including a wedding gown, hats, and a bridal bouquet Today, the Post-it® Brand now has over 4,000 products.
Nathanael Nix

How a Pop-Bottle Invention Resulted in the Cell Phone | Martin Cooper | Big Think - 0 views

  • For 100 years, people who wanted to talk to other people were wired to their homes, they were latched – or chained to their desks and really didn’t have much in the way of freedom. That we were, in fact, giving people communications in their vehicles: even then, it’s not much better than being tied to your desk. You’re still trapped in your car. So we found out from people, like the Superintendent of Police in Chicago, who told us that he had a real problem. His officers had to be in communication, the only way they could talk was to be in their cars, and yet the people they were protecting were walking on the streets. He asked us, “How can I have my officers connected and still mingling with the people?” And we discovered this was true of people managing airports, people managing businesses, real estate people. So, we became aware of the fact that real communications is portable communications. Put the device on the person. 
  • I was four years old, lived in Winnipeg, Canada, where it’s very cold in the winter and very hot in the summer. And I look at these boys with a magnifying glass. And they were burning a piece of paper by focusing the rays of the sun onto this paper through a magnifying glass. And I just had to know how that worked. And so I did the obvious thing, I took a soda pop bottle and broke it and tried to make a magnifying glass out of it. And that’s when I realize now, that I had discovered that I was going to be an engineer because I want to know how everything works and I always have. 
  • When I was nine years old, I invented—at least I think I invented—a train that could travel through a tunnel from one end of the country to the other. And what was unique about this train was two things. I had learned about friction, and so we had to get rid of friction. And so I thought, why don’t we support this train on a magnetic field? Because I knew two magnets, when they are close together, force themselves apart. And the second thing is if we’re going to get rid of all friction, we have to get rid of the air. So, this train traveled in a tunnel that was totally evacuated. It was in a vacuum. And amazingly enough, they are just starting to build trains like that, maybe without the vacuum, but with magnetic levitation. So, maybe it wasn’t such a dumb idea after all. 
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  • Science has been a part of my life from the time I was four years old... just knowing how things work, having a curiosity. And my curiosity has been limitless and that’s quite a handicap because there are times in your life when you have to specialize. But I literally want to know everything and only in recent years have I finally realized that I’m never going to know everything. In fact, the older I get, and the more stupid I find out that I am. But science, the understanding of how things work, what things are, has been crucially important to me. So, I started out with fantasy; I’ve always loved science fiction. I’ve always known that I was going to be an engineer, so I went to a technical high school so that I could take every kind of shop and learn how to work with my hands, learned about materials, and I always knew that I was going to go to an engineering school and get an engineering degree. 
  • Science can be interesting. Science can be fun. If, in fact, teachers learn how to present science in that way and learn how to make people curious and make it enjoyable, I think more people will get involved. But it’s not important that everybody become a scientist. Everybody doesn’t have to be a mathematician. Make it interesting enough so the people that have that interest, that have that talent do latch onto the wonderful world that will open up if they dig into science and mathematics. The teaching of science, mathematics, of anything—there really is no difference from a game. If you make a game dull, if you make it uninteresting, if you don’t have something that grabs people... then they won’t get interested and they’ll go do something else. So, I don’t see why teaching should be any different than creating games. Creating a curriculum ought to be the same as creating a game. Make it interesting, make it fun, make it a challenge; all of those things. All of the attributes of playing a game are the things that draw people into learning and I think that’s what we ought to do. We ought to somehow coalesce the concept of teaching with the concept of game playing, and we’re going to find that a lot more of our youngsters are going to get interested in learning and specifically about science, mathematics, technology.
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    This is a good website about Martin Cooper and the Cell Phone invention, it even has a pretty nifty video about him.
Heather Purpera

History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, The bases of digital ... - 0 views

  • Compact Disk of James Russel The first workable digital compact disc device, the precursor on now ubiquitous CD/DVDs, was invented in the late 1960s by the American physicist James Russell
  • James T. Russell was born in Bremerton, Washington in 1931. He was always a smart boy and at the age of six he devised a remote-control battleship with a storage compartment for his lunch (obviously the young James enjoyed the food :-)
  • In 1953, Russell earned his Bachelor degree in physics and graduated from Reed College in Portland. Afterwards he went to work as a Physicist in General Electric's nearby labs in Richland, where his wife Barbara worked as a chemist. At GE, working for the Hanford Nuclear Plant, and appointed as a "designated problem-solver" for GE experimental unit, Russell initiated many experimental instrumentation projects. He was among the first to use a color TV screen and keyboard as the main interface between computer and operator. He also designed and built the first electron beam welder. In 1950s and early 1960s, Russell, who was an avid music listener (he was found of classical music—Beethoven, Chopin, Mussorgsky, Offenbach. etc.), quite frustrated with the wear and tear of his vinyl records and their poor sound quality, tried to improve the record player. Initially he tried using a cactus needle, instead of steel one, for a stylus, but with no success. "After each record you had to resharpen the needle," he recalled.
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  • In 1965, the Ohio-based Battelle Memorial Institute opened its Pacific Northwest Laboratory in Richland, to took over management of Hanford's lab, and James Russell joined the effort as Senior Scientist. Thus he gained an audience for his more far-fetched ideas and immediately began to pepper Battelle with proposals for new commercial concepts. The optical digital technology was initially met with skepticism, as it was not believed that one could digitize sound. "Here I was at Battelle, enmeshed in the scientific community, and one of the first things I had to demonstrate was that you could digitize music and reproduce it" he said. "Music into numbers? Come on now, Russell."
  • ple to convert into an audible or visible transmission.
  • Through the 1970s, Russell continued to refine the CD-ROM, adapting it to any form of data. However, like many ideas far ahead of their time, the CD-ROM found few interested investors at first. In 1971, Eli S. Jacobs, a New York venture capitalist, pioneered the commercialization by forming Digital Recording Corporation to further enhance the product for the consumer video market, and hired Russell and a team of technicians to come up with a video disk. Their efforts led to a 20-minute video disc in 1973.
  • "The vision I had in mind was of television programs on little plastic records. The networks, instead of putting programs on television, would print records. And if you wanted to watch your favorite programs you'd get them in the mail and put in the disk whenever you want," Russell said. "Jacobs thought, if we can do it, hey great, we've got the whole world by the tail. And if we can't, well at least you know where you are." In 1974 Digital Recording Corporation announced an optical digital television recording and playback machine, the first device to digitize a color image, at a Chicago trade show. The response from large potential investors was rather cool. Philips Electronics representatives visited Russell's Battelle lab in the summer of 1975, and they discounted the entire premise of his work. "They said: It's all very well for data storage, but you can't do that for video or audio." recalled Russell. Philips had just released its laser disc, an analog optical video player, and they were convinced that analog was the only way. "Philips put $60 million into development of the laser disc. We were advised that nobody would tell them they had made a mistake."
  • Sony launched its CDP-101—the first commercialized CD player in 1982. Sony and Philips paid royalties from CD player sales to Battelle and to Optical Recording Corporation. Time-Warner and other disc manufacturers settled with the Optical Recording Corporation in 1992, paying $30 million for patent infringement. The court determined that Optical Recording had the sole rights over the technology mentioned in the patents. But because the patents properly belonged to Russell's employer, he never got a cent out of either deal. By 1985, Russell had earned 26 patents for CD-ROM technology. He then founded his own consulting firm, where he has continued to create and patent improvements in optical storage systems, along with bar code scanners, liquid crystal shutters, and other industrial optical instruments. His most revolutionary recent invention is a high-speed optical data recorder and player that has no moving parts. Russell earned another 11 patents for this "Optical Random Access Memory" device.
  • James Russell has more good ideas before breakfast than most people do all their life
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    Information and facts on the inventor 
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