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Heather Purpera

Molecular Expressions: History of the Compact Disc - 0 views

micro.magnet.fsu.edu/...cd.html

inventor history notes molecular expressions google compact disc picture

shared by Heather Purpera on 16 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • History of the Compact Disc Starting in the mid 1980's, compact discs (CD) began to take over both the audio and computer program market. Much of this can be attributed to a general acceptance of certain specifications regarding compact discs, known as the "Color Books." Originally designed and developed by both Sony and Phillips, the concept of the Color Books was patented and standards were developed. These are a collection of five books that describe the specifications and standards CD technology follows. This led eventually to the current audio CD technology (Figure 1).
  • The first book, written in 1980, was named the "Red Book" and outlined the specifications regarding CD Digital Audio. This was the common CD used in stereo systems, and was capable of holding up to 99 tracks, for a total of roughly 74 minutes of audio information.
  • The second book was written in 1983 and is known as the "Yellow Book", comprising the basis of the Compact Disc - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). This became the standard for computer-based compact discs, and meant that any computer system that had a CD-ROM drive, could read this format. It is capable of holding around 650 million bytes of data. CD-R's were developed under the same standards, but the actual CDs were comprised of different material. While the generic CD-ROM discs uses aluminum in their construction, the CD-R discs uses gold, which makes color a distinguishing feature.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • The third book, known as the "Green Book," covered CD-Interactive technology, is used to synchronize both audio and data tracks on a CD-ROM in order to provide things such as full motion video combined with interactivity. Published in 1986, Phillips Interactive primarily marketed this technology.
  • The fourth, the "Orange Book", is merely an outline for the coming generation of writable CD technology, primarily CD-E. (Compact Disc - Erasable) This is meant to replace, or be used in the same matter as floppy discs, only providing a much larger medium to store data. The technology is available today, but know otherwise as CD-RW. (Compact Disc - ReWritable) Much like a floppy disc or hard drive, data can be written and rewritten to these discs, allowing for a very large yet portable medium of data storage.
  • The last book known as the "White Book," is a plan for the future of compact disc technology. It outlines what is known as video compact discs, and contains the standard of data compression that is used to display large amounts of audio and video on a home computer. This concept more or less morphed into what is now known as DVD (Digital Video Drives,) a technology produced primarily by Sony, Phillips and Toshiba. While not compatible with the standard CD-ROM drives used in computers, it did achieve what the White Book had outlined for the future.
  • While an overview of how compact disc technology developed and became so popular is presented, it fails to explain how the technology works. There are, however, relatively simple processes accounting for how a compact disc is read and how the CD-ROM drive translates that into data your computer can understand. First is the construction of the compact disc. It is built from a layer of polycarbonate plastic, covered in a color-dyed layer of aluminum, and followed by a protective layer of lacquer. Figure 2 shows a cross section of a compact disc, illustrating the different layers and providing a general idea behind its construction.
  • When a compact disc is written to, tiny rivets are made in the surface of the disc called stripes or pits. The areas between these pits are called lands, which together make up a pattern where data is written. From there, a CD-ROM drive uses a read head to interpret these patterns, which is done by focusing a laser beam on the surface of the disc. While the CD is spinning, this laser comes in contact with the lands and pits. If the laser comes in contact with a pit, the light is reflected off in all directions. However, if the light comes in contact with a land, it reflects back into the read head, triggering an electric impulse. Figure 3 illustrates the difference between a land and a pit, and how the light is reflected in each situation.
  • A pattern is developed from these electric impulses, and the CD-ROM drive returns this pattern to the computer as a string of 1s and 0s. This binary or digital data is in turn interpreted by the software controlling the CD-ROM drive, and then translated into something the computer can use, be it an executable program, an image, or a sound file.
Heather Purpera

The First CD Invented - 0 views

www.thisisthefirst.com/...38-the-first-cd-invented

invented inventor history notes google

shared by Heather Purpera on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • James Russell invented the compact disc in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disc system. However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.             The first working prototype was produced in 1979. At the time of the technology's introduction it had more capacity than computer hard drives common at the time. The reverse is now true, with hard drives far exceeding the capacity of CDs.
  • n 1979, Philips and Sony got together to manufacture the compact disc.
  • The team leaders of this project were Kees Immink and Toshitada Doi. Philps handled the manufacturing process along with the Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM), while Sony too care of the error connection method, better known as CIRC. However, Philips claims that this invention was not a one man's job but a collective contribution by members of both the companies who worked together as a team.
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  • Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.            Mass adoption didn't happen immediately -- CDs wouldn't overtake cassette tapes until the late 1980s. The first album to sell 1 million copies in the CD format and outsell its vinyl version was Dire Straits' "Brothers in Arms," released in 1985.
  • This disc was taken over by nearly all markets across the globe, especially the Europe and the United States consumer market. The first successful CD to be launched was Brothers in Arms in 1985.A compact disc (CD) is a popular form of digital storage media used for computer files, pictures, and music. The plastic platter is read and written to by a laser in a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW.  As with most new technologies, one reason for the slow spread of CDs was their steep price tags. The Sony CDP-101 player sold for the equivalent of $730 when it first hit Japanese shelves in 1982. Accounting for inflation, that's about $1,750 today. The audio CDs themselves were $15, which is $35 in 2012 dollars.
  • Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimeters (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MB (actually about 703 MB or 737 MB) of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimeters (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers.
Heather Purpera

James Russell - History of the Compact Disk or CD - 0 views

inventors.about.com/...CD.htm

james russell history compact disk inventor google

shared by Heather Purpera on 13 Jan 14 - Cached
    • Heather Purpera
      Heather Purpera on 13 Jan 14
       
      A compact disk (cd) is a popular form of digital storage media used for computer files, pictures, and music. The plastic platter is read and written to by a laser in a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW. James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disk system. However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.
  • A compact disk (cd) is a popular form of digital storage media used for computer files, pictures, and music. The plastic platter is read and written to by a laser in a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW. James Russell invented the compact disk in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disk system. However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.
Katie Gatliff

organized thoughts - Google Drive - 1 views

docs.google.com/...edit

thoughts drive inventor history notes google game milton board

shared by Katie Gatliff on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Katie Gatliff on 15 Jan 14
     
    This is just a document i made that has a quick summary of each thing needed for the paper
Morgan Pearson

Bohlin made driving safer: Student Research Center - powered by EBSCOhost - 0 views

web.ebscohost.com/...detail

article Nils Bohlin seat belt information

shared by Morgan Pearson on 14 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Swedish-born
  • saved hundreds of thousands of lives
  • was first offered by Volvo in 1959.
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  • When Volvo CEO Gunnar Engelau lost a relative in a car crash, he recruited Bohlin to boost safety.
  • unused except by race car drivers
  • late 1950s, only two-point lap belts were available
  • he knew the limitations of lap belts
  • focused on combating the harsh deceleration forces of crashes.
  • Within a year
  • widely-used life-saver
  • industry's most effective
  • He died in 2002 at the age of 82.
  • Members of the Hall of Fame selection committee
  • Nils Bohlin's seat belt saves lives.
  • Morgan Pearson on 14 Jan 14
     
    Article of someone writing information about Nils Bohlin.
De Anna Jo Powell

By chance, chemist discoveredadhesive known as Super Glue: Kids Search - powered by EBS... - 0 views

web.ebscohost.com/...detail

super glue inventor Harry Coover

shared by De Anna Jo Powell on 17 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Harry Coover, 94, who as a young chemist in the 1940s and '50s discovered a powerful adhesive compound known today as Super Glue and Instant Krazy Glue, died March 26 at his home in Kingsport, Tenn. He had congestive heart failure.
  • 1942, as a chemist with Eastman Kodak
  • developing a plastic rifle sight for use in World War II
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • "The damn problem was everything was sticking to everything else," he told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in 2005. "We had a hard time using it in molds."
  • 1951, Dr. Coover was testing a heat-resistant polymer for use in aircraft windshields when he remembered his encounter with cyanoacrylate.
  • droplet of the liquid
  • bonded the lenses of an expensive optical instrument
  • compound solidifies after coming into contact with trace amounts of moisture
  • extremely strong polymer layer between two surfaces.
  • 1958 on an episode of the game show "I've Got a Secret,"
  • Eastman 910
  • aptly named because its fast-acting adhesive is effective by the count of 10
  • hoist Moore in the air as the host dangled from a set of glued pipes.
  • Eastman 910's remarkable strength and sticky quality led to a wide variety of applications.
  • used Super Glue to reduce scarring
  • 1950s, it was used in the manufacturing of atomic weapons.
  • Dr. Coover was most proud of its application in the Vietnam War
  • Harry Wesley Coover Jr. was born March 6, 1917, in Newark, Del.
  • As a teenager, he was driving over a railroad crossing when his car was hit by a train, his family said. The accident sent Dr. Coover into a coma for several months. When he awoke, he had no memory of the crash or his life before he was 16
  • recovered and graduated in 1941 from Hobart College in Geneva, N.Y. He then attended Cornell University, where he received a master's degree in 1942 and a doctorate in 1944, both in chemistry.
  • Dr. Coover retired from Eastman Kodak as vice president in 1984
  • 2010, President Obama awarded Dr. Coover the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
  • Dr. Coover held more than 460 patents
  • 1983 movie "The Man Who Loved Women," Burt Reynolds and a tube of Instant Krazy Glue become stuck to a white shag carpet and a miniature dog named Simba.
  • De Anna Jo Powell on 17 Jan 14
     
    Some good information on Harry Coover of when he was younger
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