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justin creed

Post-It Notes Were Invented By Accident - 1 views

www.todayifoundout.com/...otes-were-invented-by-accident

invented history google

shared by justin creed on 09 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • There were actually two accidents that lead to the invention of the Post-It note.  The first was by Spencer Silver.  According to the former Vice President of Technical Operations for 3M Geoff Nicholson (now retired), in 1968, Silver was working at 3M trying to create super strong adhesives for use in the aerospace industry in building planes.  Instead of a super strong adhesive, though, he accidentally managed to create an incredibly weak, pressure sensitive adhesive agent called Acrylate Copolymer Microspheres.
  • It did have two interesting features, though.  The first is that, when stuck to a surface, it can be peeled away without leaving any residue. 
  • Specifically, the acrylic spheres only stick well to surfaces where they are tangent to the surface, thus allowing weak enough adhesion to be able to be peeled easily.  The second big feature is that the adhesive is re-usable, thanks to the fact that the spheres are incredibly strong and resist breaking, dissolving, or melting.   Despite these two notable features, no one, not even Silver himself, could think up a good marketable use for it.  Thus, even with Silver promoting it for five years straight to various 3M employees, the adhesive was more or less shelved. Finally, in 1973, when Geoff Nicholson was made products laboratory manager at 3M, Silver approached him immediately with the adhesive and gave him samples to play with. 
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • Silver also suggested what he saw as his best idea for what to use the adhesive for, making a bulletin board with the adhesive sprayed on it.  One could then stick pieces of paper to the bulletin board without tacks, tape, or the like.  The paper could subsequently be easily removed without any residue being left on the sheets.  While this was a decent idea, it wasn’t seen as potentially profitable enough as annual bulletin board sales are fairly low.
  • Now enter the second accident by chemical engineer Art Fry.  Besides working at 3M as a Product Development Engineer and being familiar with Silver’s adhesive thanks to attending one of Silver’s seminars on the low-tack adhesive, he also sung in a church choir in St. Paul, Minnesota.
  • One little problem he continually had to deal with was accidentally losing his song page markers in his hymn book while singing, with them falling out of the hymnal.  From this, he eventually had the stroke of genius to use some of Silver’s adhesive to help keep the slips of paper in the hymnal.
  • Fry then suggested to Nicholson and Silver that they were using the adhesive backwards.  Instead of sticking the adhesive to the bulletin board, they should “put it on a piece of paper and then we can stick it to anything.”
  • This initially proved easier said than done, in terms of practical application.  It was easy enough to get the adhesive on the paper, but the early prototypes had the problem that the adhesive would often detach from the paper and stay on the object the paper was stuck to, or, at least, leave some of the adhesive behind in this way.  There was no such problem with the bulletin boards Silver had made because he had specifically made them so that the adhesive would bond better with the board than the paper. Two other 3M employees now entered the scene, Roger Merrill and Henry Courtney.  The two were tasked with coming up with a coating that could be put on the paper to make the adhesive stay bonded to it and not be left behind on whatever the paper was stuck to when it was removed, a task at which they were ultimately successful at achieving. Interestingly, because management at 3M still didn’t think the product would be commercially successful, they more or less shelved it for three years, even though the Post-It notes were extremely popular internally at 3M labs during that span.    Finally, in 1977, 3M began running test sale runs of the Post-It note, then called “Press ‘n Peel”, in a certain areas in four different cities to see if people would buy and use the product.  It turned out, no one much did, which confirmed in the minds of the executives that it wasn’t a good commercial product.
  • Luckily for offices the world over, Nicholson and Joe Ramey, Nicholson’s boss, didn’t feel like giving up yet.  They felt the marketing department had dropped the ball in that they hadn’t given businesses and people samples of the product to use to let them see for themselves how useful the notes could be.  So a year after the initial flop, 3M tried again to introduce the Post-It note to the world, this time giving huge amounts of free sample Post-It note pads away in Boise, Idaho, with the campaign deemed “The Boise Blitz”. 
  • This time, the re-order rate went from almost nothing, in the previous attempt, to 90% of the people and businesses that had received the free samples.  For reference, this was double the best initial rate 3M had ever seen for any other product they’d introduced.  Two years later, the Post-It note was released throughout the United States.
  • So after 5 years of constant rejection for the adhesive and another seven years in development and initial rejection, Post-It notes were finally a hit and have since become a mainstay in offices the world over, today being one of the top five best selling office supply products in the world.
  • Ever wonder why the standard color for Post-It notes is yellow?  It turns out this was kind of an accident as well.  The official story from some at 3M is that it was because it created a “good emotional connection with users” and that it would “contrast well stuck to white paper”.  However, according to Geoff Nicholson there was no such thought given to the color.  The real reason Post-It notes were yellow was simply because the lab next door to where they were working on the Post-It note “had some scrap yellow paper – that’s why they were yellow; and when we went back and said ‘hey guys, you got any more scrap yellow paper?’ they said ‘you want any more go buy it yourself’, and that’s what we did, and that’s why they were yellow. To me it was another one of those incredible accidents. It was not thought out; nobody said they’d better be yellow rather than white because they would blend in – it was a pure accident.”
  • Another obstacle in the initial launch of Post-It notes was that, because it was a completely new type of product, it required the construction of new machinery to mass produce the Post-It note pads, which was initially prohibitively expensive for a product seen by many within 3M as destined for commercial failure.
  • While most Post-It notes only have a thin strip of adhesive, you can buy Post-It notes that are completely covered in the back with the adhesive.  One example of a place this type of note is used is at the U.S. postal service.  These full adhesive backed notes are used there on forwarded mail.
  • Post-It notes received an upgrade in 2003 when 3M launched a new version of the Post-It note with super sticky glue that has better adhesion to vertical surfaces.
  • Spencer Silver holds a total of 22 patents, including the patent for the “low-tack, reusable, pressure sensitive adhesive” used in Post-It notes (Patent#: 3,691,140).  Silver is still working at 3M today in their special adhesives department.  He also has a doctorate in organic chemistry, which he received two years before inventing the adhesive used in Post-It notes.  On the side, his favorite past time is painting using pastels and oils, which he apparently is extremely accomplished at.
  •  Post-It notes are occasionally used in art-work.  One such famous example was in 2008 when Shay Hovell used 12,000 Post-It notes to create a replica of the Mona Lisa.  The most expensive Post-It note art piece was done by R.B. Kitaj and sold for £640 (about $1000) in 2000.
  • Art Fry received his early education in a one room schoolhouse.  He studied chemistry at the University of Minnesota and was hired while still in school at the “Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company”, which later was re-named 3M.  He retired from 3M in the early 1990s.
Heather Purpera

Molecular Expressions: History of the Compact Disc - 0 views

micro.magnet.fsu.edu/...cd.html

inventor history notes molecular expressions google compact disc picture

shared by Heather Purpera on 16 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • History of the Compact Disc Starting in the mid 1980's, compact discs (CD) began to take over both the audio and computer program market. Much of this can be attributed to a general acceptance of certain specifications regarding compact discs, known as the "Color Books." Originally designed and developed by both Sony and Phillips, the concept of the Color Books was patented and standards were developed. These are a collection of five books that describe the specifications and standards CD technology follows. This led eventually to the current audio CD technology (Figure 1).
  • The first book, written in 1980, was named the "Red Book" and outlined the specifications regarding CD Digital Audio. This was the common CD used in stereo systems, and was capable of holding up to 99 tracks, for a total of roughly 74 minutes of audio information.
  • The second book was written in 1983 and is known as the "Yellow Book", comprising the basis of the Compact Disc - Read Only Memory (CD-ROM). This became the standard for computer-based compact discs, and meant that any computer system that had a CD-ROM drive, could read this format. It is capable of holding around 650 million bytes of data. CD-R's were developed under the same standards, but the actual CDs were comprised of different material. While the generic CD-ROM discs uses aluminum in their construction, the CD-R discs uses gold, which makes color a distinguishing feature.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • The third book, known as the "Green Book," covered CD-Interactive technology, is used to synchronize both audio and data tracks on a CD-ROM in order to provide things such as full motion video combined with interactivity. Published in 1986, Phillips Interactive primarily marketed this technology.
  • The fourth, the "Orange Book", is merely an outline for the coming generation of writable CD technology, primarily CD-E. (Compact Disc - Erasable) This is meant to replace, or be used in the same matter as floppy discs, only providing a much larger medium to store data. The technology is available today, but know otherwise as CD-RW. (Compact Disc - ReWritable) Much like a floppy disc or hard drive, data can be written and rewritten to these discs, allowing for a very large yet portable medium of data storage.
  • The last book known as the "White Book," is a plan for the future of compact disc technology. It outlines what is known as video compact discs, and contains the standard of data compression that is used to display large amounts of audio and video on a home computer. This concept more or less morphed into what is now known as DVD (Digital Video Drives,) a technology produced primarily by Sony, Phillips and Toshiba. While not compatible with the standard CD-ROM drives used in computers, it did achieve what the White Book had outlined for the future.
  • While an overview of how compact disc technology developed and became so popular is presented, it fails to explain how the technology works. There are, however, relatively simple processes accounting for how a compact disc is read and how the CD-ROM drive translates that into data your computer can understand. First is the construction of the compact disc. It is built from a layer of polycarbonate plastic, covered in a color-dyed layer of aluminum, and followed by a protective layer of lacquer. Figure 2 shows a cross section of a compact disc, illustrating the different layers and providing a general idea behind its construction.
  • When a compact disc is written to, tiny rivets are made in the surface of the disc called stripes or pits. The areas between these pits are called lands, which together make up a pattern where data is written. From there, a CD-ROM drive uses a read head to interpret these patterns, which is done by focusing a laser beam on the surface of the disc. While the CD is spinning, this laser comes in contact with the lands and pits. If the laser comes in contact with a pit, the light is reflected off in all directions. However, if the light comes in contact with a land, it reflects back into the read head, triggering an electric impulse. Figure 3 illustrates the difference between a land and a pit, and how the light is reflected in each situation.
  • A pattern is developed from these electric impulses, and the CD-ROM drive returns this pattern to the computer as a string of 1s and 0s. This binary or digital data is in turn interpreted by the software controlling the CD-ROM drive, and then translated into something the computer can use, be it an executable program, an image, or a sound file.
Max N.

Milton Bradley info - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Milton_Bradley

milton bradley

shared by Max N. on 14 Jan 14 - Cached
  • Bradley grew up in a working-class household in Lowell, Massachusetts.
  • completing high school he found work as a draftsman before enrolling at the Lawrence Scientific School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. In 1856, he secured employment at the Watson Company in Springfield, Massachusetts.
  • company was shuttered during the recession of 1858, he entered business for himself as a mechanical draftsman and patent agent
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  • pursued lithography and in 1860, he set up the first color lithography shop in Springfield, Massachusetts
  • moved forward with an idea he had for a board game which he called The Checkered Game of Life, an early version of what later became The Game of Life.
  • 2004, he was posthumously inducted into the National Toy Hall of Fame along with George Ditomassi of Milton Bradley Company. Through the 20th century the company he founded in 1860, Milton Bradley Company dominated the production of American games, with titles like Candyland, Operation, and Battleship. The company is now a subsidiary of Pawtucket, Rhode Island-based Hasbro.
  • In search of a lucrative alternative project in which to employ his drafting skills, Bradley found inspiration from an imported board game given to him by a friend. Concluding that he could produce and market a similar game to American consumers, Milton Bradley released The Checkered Game of Life in the winter of 1860.
  • Bradley personally sold his first run of several hundred copies in one two-day period in New York; by 1861, consumers had bought over 45,000 copies.
  • While the structure of play used in The Checkered Game of Life differed little from previous board games, Bradley's game embraced a radically different concept of success. Earlier children's games, such as the popular Mansion of Happiness developed in Puritan Massachusetts, were concerned entirely with providing an attractive venue from which to promote moral virtue. But Bradley preferred to define success in secular business terms consistent with America's emerging focus on "the causal relationship between character and wealth." This approach, which depicted life as a quest for accomplishment in which personal virtues provided a means to an end, rather than a point of focus, complemented America's burgeoning fascination with obtaining wealth in the years following the Civil War.
  • Bradley established a set of rules to play croquet in 1866. Bradley was one of the marketers of the zoetrope, a spinning slotted drum with pre-printed images to create the illusion of motion pictures. Though this was not definitely known as of November 2010, Bradley might have been awarded the patent for the one-arm paper cutter.
    • Katie Gatliff
      Katie Gatliff on 14 Jan 14
       
      Milton also created the paper cutter and the rules to croquet
  • Katie Gatliff on 14 Jan 14
     
    this is really good information. wish i had looked on Wikipedia sooner
Tuffer Jordan

Wecome to NWS&T Magazine Online - 0 views

depts.washington.edu/...index.php

CD inventor

shared by Tuffer Jordan on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • The Puget Sound Engineering Council selected Russell as the 2005 Industry Engineer of the Year. And despite all of his accomplishments, it wasn't until Joe Decuir of Seattle's chapter of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., (IEEE) saw a story about Russell in the local newspaper that he suggested Russell's name to the committee last fall.
  • In the mid 1950s, he was frustrated with the sound quality of LPs, which started wearing out after only a dozen plays. He even tried using a cactus needle to play records because the jewel needle wore out the vinyl faster and didn't sound as clear. Russell wanted a way to capture the complexity and nuances of classical music without damaging the recording. And the idea that sparked a multi-billion dollar industry was about to take shape in Russell's mind.
  • In fifth grade, he started building radios out of parts he scrounged from the neighbors. In high school, he took a job setting up a commercial radio station, even though he didn't know how to hook up most of the equipment. "But I learned– rapidly,” he laughs.
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  • After graduating from Reed College with a degree in physics in 1953, Russell took a job with General Electric in the Hanford Nuclear Plant doing experimental work.
  • Battelle took over the Hanford Laboratories in 1965 and gave Russell a lab and time to work on some of his imaginings, including the crazy idea that sound could be converted to strings of numbers and reproduced using light.
  • He had come up with a way of using a laser to read digital bits of information, which later became the most widely-used way to read just about everything. By using a light to read the data, the record would never wear out. The data are encoded as microscopic pit marks on the surface of the disk, which, when spun, can be read to reproduce high-quality sound.
  • The original goal was to record television shows, not music, because adding visuals would be more difficult. If television couldn't be recorded digitally, Russell and his backers decided they would at least know where they stood. In 1973, they were successful, but they were ahead of their time. Amazingly, no one wanted to buy a license for the precursor to the DVD.
  • By 1991, about 25 years after he came up with the idea, CDs were outselling their predecessors, audio tapes, in record stores nationwide.
  • But all he can do is shrug ruefully, "I didn't invent the CD, I invented the technology.”
  • Today, Russell has more than 50 patents to his name. He continues his work from the basement of his Bellevue home where he and Barbara have lived for more than a decade.
  • The first devices were called Optical Digital Data Storage –the term CD is actually a trademark of Philips. The original storage units were made of glass plates, about the size of large index cards, which could be read as a laser scanned over them.
    • Tuffer Jordan
      Tuffer Jordan on 16 Jan 14
       
      Russell didn't get fame nor riches for his invention.
  • Now, sales of the mirror-like plastic discs are in the billions every year, but the man behind it all has gotten neither fame nor riches. The company that held the patents sold the rights for a song. Now, Russell has a few artifacts from the early days, a scrapbook full of pictures, and a handful of plaques and trophies to show for all his
    • Tuffer Jordan
      Tuffer Jordan on 16 Jan 14
       
      In the fifth grade, Russell started building radios out of parts he scrounged form the neighbors.
    • Tuffer Jordan
      Tuffer Jordan on 16 Jan 14
       
      Russell came up with a way of using a laser to read digital bits of information, which later became the most widely-used way to read just about everything.
  • Tuffer Jordan on 10 Jan 14
     
    James T. Russell invented the CD! 
Nathanael Nix

How a Pop-Bottle Invention Resulted in the Cell Phone | Martin Cooper | Big Think - 0 views

bigthink.com/...ion-resulted-in-the-cell-phone

cell phone history inventor cell phone martin cooper MartinCooper cellphone-facts

shared by Nathanael Nix on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • For 100 years, people who wanted to talk to other people were wired to their homes, they were latched – or chained to their desks and really didn’t have much in the way of freedom. That we were, in fact, giving people communications in their vehicles: even then, it’s not much better than being tied to your desk. You’re still trapped in your car. So we found out from people, like the Superintendent of Police in Chicago, who told us that he had a real problem. His officers had to be in communication, the only way they could talk was to be in their cars, and yet the people they were protecting were walking on the streets. He asked us, “How can I have my officers connected and still mingling with the people?” And we discovered this was true of people managing airports, people managing businesses, real estate people. So, we became aware of the fact that real communications is portable communications. Put the device on the person. 
  • I was four years old, lived in Winnipeg, Canada, where it’s very cold in the winter and very hot in the summer. And I look at these boys with a magnifying glass. And they were burning a piece of paper by focusing the rays of the sun onto this paper through a magnifying glass. And I just had to know how that worked. And so I did the obvious thing, I took a soda pop bottle and broke it and tried to make a magnifying glass out of it. And that’s when I realize now, that I had discovered that I was going to be an engineer because I want to know how everything works and I always have. 
  • When I was nine years old, I invented—at least I think I invented—a train that could travel through a tunnel from one end of the country to the other. And what was unique about this train was two things. I had learned about friction, and so we had to get rid of friction. And so I thought, why don’t we support this train on a magnetic field? Because I knew two magnets, when they are close together, force themselves apart. And the second thing is if we’re going to get rid of all friction, we have to get rid of the air. So, this train traveled in a tunnel that was totally evacuated. It was in a vacuum. And amazingly enough, they are just starting to build trains like that, maybe without the vacuum, but with magnetic levitation. So, maybe it wasn’t such a dumb idea after all. 
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  • Science has been a part of my life from the time I was four years old... just knowing how things work, having a curiosity. And my curiosity has been limitless and that’s quite a handicap because there are times in your life when you have to specialize. But I literally want to know everything and only in recent years have I finally realized that I’m never going to know everything. In fact, the older I get, and the more stupid I find out that I am. But science, the understanding of how things work, what things are, has been crucially important to me. So, I started out with fantasy; I’ve always loved science fiction. I’ve always known that I was going to be an engineer, so I went to a technical high school so that I could take every kind of shop and learn how to work with my hands, learned about materials, and I always knew that I was going to go to an engineering school and get an engineering degree. 
  • Science can be interesting. Science can be fun. If, in fact, teachers learn how to present science in that way and learn how to make people curious and make it enjoyable, I think more people will get involved. But it’s not important that everybody become a scientist. Everybody doesn’t have to be a mathematician. Make it interesting enough so the people that have that interest, that have that talent do latch onto the wonderful world that will open up if they dig into science and mathematics. The teaching of science, mathematics, of anything—there really is no difference from a game. If you make a game dull, if you make it uninteresting, if you don’t have something that grabs people... then they won’t get interested and they’ll go do something else. So, I don’t see why teaching should be any different than creating games. Creating a curriculum ought to be the same as creating a game. Make it interesting, make it fun, make it a challenge; all of those things. All of the attributes of playing a game are the things that draw people into learning and I think that’s what we ought to do. We ought to somehow coalesce the concept of teaching with the concept of game playing, and we’re going to find that a lot more of our youngsters are going to get interested in learning and specifically about science, mathematics, technology.
  • Nathanael Nix on 15 Jan 14
     
    This is a good website about Martin Cooper and the Cell Phone invention, it even has a pretty nifty video about him.
jacob sullivan

Fountain pen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Fountain_pen

fountain pen history

shared by jacob sullivan on 14 Jan 14 - Cached
  • A fountain pen is a nib pen that, unlike its predecessor the dip pen, contains an internal reservoir of water-based liquid ink. The pen draws ink from the reservoir through a feed to the nib and deposits it on paper via a combination of gravity and capillary action. Filling the reservoir with ink may be achieved manually (via the use of a Pasteur pipette or syringe), or via an internal filling mechanism which creates suction (for example, through a piston mechanism) to transfer ink directly through the nib into the reservoir. Some pens employ removable reservoirs in the form of pre-filled ink cartridges. A fountain pen needs little or no pressure to write.
  • liest historical record of a reservoir pen dates to the 10th century. In 953, Ma'ād al-Mu'izz, the caliph of the Maghreb, demanded a pen that would not stain his hands or clothes, and was provided with a pen that held ink in a reservoir and delivered it to the nib, which could be held upside-down without leaking, as recorded i
  • hat some form of pen with an ink res
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • wenter descr
  • In Deliciae Physico-Mathematicae
  • ibed a pen made from two quills
  • es Stephen Perry devised a
  • In 1828 Josiah Mason improved a cheap, efficient slip-in nib in Birmingham, England, which could be added to a fountain pen and in 1830, with the invention of a new machine, William
  • was squeezed through a small hole to the writing point. In 1663 Samuel Pepys referred to a metal pen "to carry ink".[2] Noted Maryland historian Hester Dorsey Richardson (1862–1933) documented a reference to "three silver fountain pens, worth 15 shillings" in England during the reign of Charles II, ca. 1649–1685.[3] By the early 1
  • 1734 notation made by Robert Morris the elder in the ledger of the expenses of
  • way to mass manufacture robus
  • steel-nib pens manufactured in the world were made in Birmingham. Thousands of skilled craftsmen and -women were employed in the
  • previously could not afford to write, thus encouraging the development of education and literacy.
  • These were sold worldwide to many wh
  • industry. Many new manufacturing techniques were perfected, enabling the city's factories
  • mid-19th century
  • most inks were highly corrosive and full of sedimentary inclusions. The Romanian inventor Petrache Poenaru received a French patent on May 25, 1827 for the invention of a fountain pen with a barrel made from a large swan quill.[6] In 1848 American inventor Azel Storrs Lyman patented a pen with "a combined holder and nib".[7][8] From the 1850s there
  • was a steadily accelerating stream of fountain pen patents and pens in production. However, it was only after three key inventions were in place that the fountain pen became a widely popular writing instrument. Those were the iridium-tipped gold nib, hard rubber, and free-flowing ink. Waterman 42 Safety Pen, with variation in materials (both red and black rubbers) and retracting nibs. The first fountain pens making use of all these key ingredients appeared in the 1850
  • The ear
  • n Kitab al-Majalis wa
  • 'l-musayarat, by Qadi al-Nu'man al-Tamimi (d. 974).[1] No details of the construction or mechanism of operation of this pen are known, and no examples have survived.
  • triston1 on 14 Jan 14
     
    wikipedia fountain pens
  • jacob sullivan on 15 Jan 14
     
    more information
Heather Purpera

History of Computers and Computing, Birth of the modern computer, The bases of digital ... - 0 views

history-computer.com/...compact_disc.html

history james compact disk modern

shared by Heather Purpera on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Compact Disk of James Russel The first workable digital compact disc device, the precursor on now ubiquitous CD/DVDs, was invented in the late 1960s by the American physicist James Russell
  • James T. Russell was born in Bremerton, Washington in 1931. He was always a smart boy and at the age of six he devised a remote-control battleship with a storage compartment for his lunch (obviously the young James enjoyed the food :-)
  • In 1953, Russell earned his Bachelor degree in physics and graduated from Reed College in Portland. Afterwards he went to work as a Physicist in General Electric's nearby labs in Richland, where his wife Barbara worked as a chemist. At GE, working for the Hanford Nuclear Plant, and appointed as a "designated problem-solver" for GE experimental unit, Russell initiated many experimental instrumentation projects. He was among the first to use a color TV screen and keyboard as the main interface between computer and operator. He also designed and built the first electron beam welder. In 1950s and early 1960s, Russell, who was an avid music listener (he was found of classical music—Beethoven, Chopin, Mussorgsky, Offenbach. etc.), quite frustrated with the wear and tear of his vinyl records and their poor sound quality, tried to improve the record player. Initially he tried using a cactus needle, instead of steel one, for a stylus, but with no success. "After each record you had to resharpen the needle," he recalled.
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  • In 1965, the Ohio-based Battelle Memorial Institute opened its Pacific Northwest Laboratory in Richland, to took over management of Hanford's lab, and James Russell joined the effort as Senior Scientist. Thus he gained an audience for his more far-fetched ideas and immediately began to pepper Battelle with proposals for new commercial concepts. The optical digital technology was initially met with skepticism, as it was not believed that one could digitize sound. "Here I was at Battelle, enmeshed in the scientific community, and one of the first things I had to demonstrate was that you could digitize music and reproduce it" he said. "Music into numbers? Come on now, Russell."
  • ple to convert into an audible or visible transmission.
  • Through the 1970s, Russell continued to refine the CD-ROM, adapting it to any form of data. However, like many ideas far ahead of their time, the CD-ROM found few interested investors at first. In 1971, Eli S. Jacobs, a New York venture capitalist, pioneered the commercialization by forming Digital Recording Corporation to further enhance the product for the consumer video market, and hired Russell and a team of technicians to come up with a video disk. Their efforts led to a 20-minute video disc in 1973.
  • "The vision I had in mind was of television programs on little plastic records. The networks, instead of putting programs on television, would print records. And if you wanted to watch your favorite programs you'd get them in the mail and put in the disk whenever you want," Russell said. "Jacobs thought, if we can do it, hey great, we've got the whole world by the tail. And if we can't, well at least you know where you are." In 1974 Digital Recording Corporation announced an optical digital television recording and playback machine, the first device to digitize a color image, at a Chicago trade show. The response from large potential investors was rather cool. Philips Electronics representatives visited Russell's Battelle lab in the summer of 1975, and they discounted the entire premise of his work. "They said: It's all very well for data storage, but you can't do that for video or audio." recalled Russell. Philips had just released its laser disc, an analog optical video player, and they were convinced that analog was the only way. "Philips put $60 million into development of the laser disc. We were advised that nobody would tell them they had made a mistake."
  • Sony launched its CDP-101—the first commercialized CD player in 1982. Sony and Philips paid royalties from CD player sales to Battelle and to Optical Recording Corporation. Time-Warner and other disc manufacturers settled with the Optical Recording Corporation in 1992, paying $30 million for patent infringement. The court determined that Optical Recording had the sole rights over the technology mentioned in the patents. But because the patents properly belonged to Russell's employer, he never got a cent out of either deal. By 1985, Russell had earned 26 patents for CD-ROM technology. He then founded his own consulting firm, where he has continued to create and patent improvements in optical storage systems, along with bar code scanners, liquid crystal shutters, and other industrial optical instruments. His most revolutionary recent invention is a high-speed optical data recorder and player that has no moving parts. Russell earned another 11 patents for this "Optical Random Access Memory" device.
  • James Russell has more good ideas before breakfast than most people do all their life
  • Heather Purpera on 10 Jan 14
     
    Information and facts on the inventor 
bailey spoonemroe

William Wrigley | Chewing Gum - 0 views

chewinggum.umwblogs.org/william-wrigley

william gum inventor history notes

shared by bailey spoonemroe on 16 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • William Wrigley
  • Perhaps one of the most famous names in the gum industry is William Wrigley.  Wrigley was the son of a soap salesman from Philadelphia, and at the age of thirteen, he was also selling soap.  At the age of 30, he moved to Chicago to open a new branch of his father’s company and came up with an idea to provide “premiums” to vendors who purchased a certain amount of soap.  These premiums included baking powder, cookbooks, and umbrellas. 14.  The baking powder sales surpassed the popularity of the soap, so Wrigley made that his primary product and offered gum as a premium, the very same development from John Curtis.  Once again, the premium’s popularity surpassed that of the product, and Wrigley entered the gum industry.  Wrigley hired the Zero Gum Company to manufacture gum for him, and it was here that the Wrigley’s industry started.  He introduced a series of branded gums in 1983, including Juicy Fruit and Spearmint.  In 1898, he founded William Wrigley Jr. Company. 15.  
  • While this type of industry-making is nothing new or special, what set Wrigley apart from his competitors, including the Adams company, was his marketing and advertising.  Wrigley is famously quoted as saying, “Anyone can make gum. The trick is to sell it.”16.  And sell it he did.  Wrigley began by doing a modest advertising campaign in 1906 in Buffalo, Rochester, and Syracuse, with successful results.  The campaign then evolved to massive billboards, placards in streetcars and subways, and one of the first electric signs,
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • including a massive one in Times Square (the electricity bill of which was an annual $100,000).
  •   The billboards then evolved to a linked line of 117 signs along the railroad between Atlantic City and Trenton, New Jersey advertising Wrigley’s Spearmint.  Between 1915 and 1917, Wrigley sent free samples of gum to everyone with a telephone book, a total of more than 8.5 million, and in another campaign, every child received two sticks of gum when they turned two, reaching 750,000 children. 17.  A brand-recognition study in the 1920s found that 65% of people listed Wrigley as their “top-of-mind” choice for chewing gum, while the nearest competitor scored only 10%. 18.  Wrigley’s advertising campaigns were what truly made gum popular throughout the country and a billion dollar industry.
  • Ben Lews on 16 Jan 14
     
    How he started selling gum
  • bailey spoonemroe on 17 Jan 14
     
    good info look at highleded info on the inventer
De Anna Jo Powell

Harry Wesley Coover Journal Of Life Memorial Website, Biography, Photos, Facts, Life Story - 0 views

harry-wesley-coover.journal-of-life.com/#!biographies

inventor biography photos facts journal Harry Coover

shared by De Anna Jo Powell on 14 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Harry Wesley Coover, Jr
  • inventor of Eastman 910, commonly known as Super Glue.
  • born in Newark, Delaware
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • received
  • Bachelor of Science from Hobart College before earning his Master of Science and Ph. D. from Cornell University.
  • Eastman Kodak from 1944–1973
  • Vice President of the company from 1973-1984.
  • 1942, while searching for materials to make clear plastic gun sights, Coover and his team at Eastman Kodak first worked with cyanoacrylates, rejecting them as too sticky.
  • Nine years later,
  • 1958, the adhesive, marketed by Kodak as Super Glue, was introduced for sale.
  • overseeing Kodak chemists investigating heat-resistant polymers for jet canopies when cyanoacrylates were once again tested and proved too sticky.
  • cyanoacrylate is an acrylic resin which rapidly polymerises in the presence of water (specifically hydroxide ions), forming long, strong chains, joining the bonded surfaces together.
  • Cyanoacrylate is used as a forensic tool to capture latent fingerprints on non-porous surfaces like glass, plastic, etc.
  • Chemical structure of methyl cyanoacrylate, the basis of Superglue
  • Coover was also the first to recognize and patent cyanoacrylates as a tissue adhesive.
  • Vietnam War to temporarily patch the internal organs of injured soldiers until conventional surgery could be performed,
  • 460 patents, and Super Glue was just one of his many discoveries
  • Implemented at Kodak, programmed innovation resulted in the introduction of 320 new products and sales growth from $1.8 billion to $2.5 billion.
  • Coover received the Southern Chemist Man of the Year Award for his outstanding accomplishments in individual innovation and creativity.
  • 2004,
  • inducted into the National Inventor's Hall of Fame.
  • He also held the
  • He also held the
  • National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
  • Earle B. Barnes Award for Leadership
  • Chemical Research Management,
  • Maurice Holland Award
  • medalist for the Industrial Research Institute
  • natural causes
  • Kingsport, Tennessee
    • De Anna Jo Powell
      De Anna Jo Powell on 14 Jan 14
       
      Good videos
    • De Anna Jo Powell
      De Anna Jo Powell on 14 Jan 14
       
      A few great pictures
    • De Anna Jo Powell
      De Anna Jo Powell on 14 Jan 14
       
      A lot of good information over Harry Coover, the invention, and the science behind it.
  • Delaware
  • De Anna Jo Powell on 14 Jan 14
     
    This is by far one of the best sights I have found
Alana Pearce

Binney, Edwin - Overview, Personal Life, Career Details, Chronology: Edwin Binney, Soci... - 0 views

encyclopedia.jrank.org/...Binney-Edwin.html

personal life career details

shared by Alana Pearce on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • A pioneer in the manufacture of carbon black, EdwinBinney was a founder of Binney & Smith, better known today for its Crayola products used by millions of children. Smith’s innovations made black automobile tires, electric light carbons, and many other technological advances possible. He was also active in many natural gas companies, was instrumental in the development of parts of the state of Florida, and was a noted philanthropist.
  • Binney was known not only for his impeccable business sense but also for his integrity and good will. During the Depression of the 1930s, for example, Binney & Smith gave destitute local farmers work hand-labeling boxes of crayons, a tradition that continued for many years. While his partner Smith spent much of his time traveling and selling, Binney was known as a quiet man who used his time to diversify the company at home. Binney died in Gainesville, Florida, on December 17, 1934, while visiting a grandson at the University of Florida.
  • On October 16, 1887, in Brooklyn, New York, he married Alice Stead of London, England, with whom he had four children: Dorothy, Helen (whose husband, Allan Kitchel, succeeded Binney as president of Binney & Smith), Mary, and Edwin Jr. Binney enjoyed spending time in the state of Florida, where he owned large orange groves in St. Lucie County. He was an important force in the opening of the east coast port of Ft. Pierce in 1930. He enjoyed deep sea cruising, fishing, hunting, and designing sail and motor boats.
  • Alana Pearce on 10 Jan 14
     
    Bios of Binney/Edwin! 
Heather Purpera

CD History - 0 views

www.mh-audio.nl/tips%5Ccdhistory.htm

inventor history notes google picture

shared by Heather Purpera on 16 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • It was Philips Industries, a Dutch-based electronics giant (known in the music world as owner of the PolyGram labels), that made the first announcement, on May 17, 1978. Working with Japan's Sony Corporation, Philips announced that they would have a marketable compact disc and appropriate hardware ready "in the early 1980s." That promise was kept on October 1, 1982, when the compact disc was introduced in Japan by CBS/Sony, with 112 different CD titles and a CD player (Sony's CDP-101). The last few months of 1982 were hectic, with Sony selling over 20,000 CD players and Hitachi also posting sales in the 6,000 per month range for their player. Prices for these initial players ran from about $700 to about $1000. The discs themselves, priced at about $15-20, could not be pressed fast enough to meet demand. Sony's research on who was buying the discs in Japan indicated it was young (20s, early 30s) men with a particular interest in sound quality. Perhaps it was this research that led others to believe, as the rest of the world looked on in curiosity to what was happening in Japan, that CDs would fill a niche for high quality sound enthusiasts and little else. By the end of 1982, CBS/Sony and Epic/Sony had issued 122 CD titles.
  • The stories about compact discs published in Billboard during early 1983 are fascinating. The lead story on January 29 has PolyGram mulling over how to package the CD in the US when it's released later in 1983, leaning toward the (in retrospect, ill-fated) "long box," the 6"x12" cardboard box which they convinced the industry to adopt at the RIAA (Record Industry Association of America) meeting the next week. (Many at the meeting were considering a 12"x12" box!)
  • In February, Sony announced a "firm" suggested retail price of $1000 for their CD player and $16.98 for discs when they would be introduced later that year in the US. February 23, 1983 marked the debut of the compact disc in Europe, with PolyGram's Hans Gout noting that, "The sooner the Compact Disc replaces the conventional black vinyl LP, the better." By early March, Sony and CBS Records in the US were supplying free compact disc players and discs to selected radio stations here, mostly with Classical and Album-Oriented Rock formats. The March 12 issue of Billboard also notes that Capitol Record Shop, a Hartford, Connecticut, record store, had begun importing CDs from Japan and Europe, with 24 titles at a price tag of $24.95 each. At the time the owner was interviewed, he had only sold a total of one disc.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Several months of delays and anticipation dragged by, until in late June, 1983, CBS finally shipped the first CD "prepacks" to a select 35 accounts. Each prepack had a total of 12 titles, with no more than a total of 1000 prepacks altogether in the first shipment. Among the individual titles were Pink Floyd's Wish You Were Here, Billy Joel's The Stranger, Michael Jackson's Thriller, and Toto's Toto IV. Other titles were jazz and classical. The CD era had begun in the United States.
  • Within about a month, CBS had issued several other pop/rock titles, including Boston's Don't Look Back, Earth Wind & Fire's Raise!, ELO's Discovery, Journey's Escape, Boz Scaggs' Silk Degrees, Barbra Streisand's Guilty, and Bruce Springsteen's Born To Run. These had the CBS logo (and mastering numbers in the DIDP 50000 series). Later, these were reissued with Columbia logos, but these remain as examples of the earliest American CD releases
  • After the introduction of the CD here, most of the stories in the trade press center around the acute shortage of pressing plants. At that time, there were two major plants, PolyGram's Hanover, West Germany plant, and Sony's plant in Japan. (Almost all the CDs sold under US labels for the first few years were either made in Japan or West Germany.) Sales figures for the US in 1983 totalled about 30,000 players and 800,000 discs. Still, no one really knew if the CD would succeed.
Max N.

Milton Bradley Biography (Inventor/Entrepreneur) | Infoplease.com - 1 views

www.infoplease.com/...miltonbradley.html

milton bradley inventor game board

shared by Max N. on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
    • Max N.
      Max N. on 10 Jan 14
       
      The very first board game was the, The Checkered Game of Life
  • Board game pioneer who invented The Game of Life
  • American draftsman and lithographer Milton Bradley founded the Milton Bradley Company, famous makers of family board games such as The Game of Life, CandyLand and Twister. Raised in Maine, New Hampshire and Massachusetts, Bradley attended Harvard's Lawrence Scientific School from 1854 to 1856. He then worked as a draftsman for the Wason Car Works, manufacturers of railcars, until 1860, when he founded a lithography business in Springfield, Massachusetts. His initial success with a lithograph of clean-shaven presidential candidate Abraham Lincoln was dashed after Lincoln grew his famous beard, but Bradley moved on with a board game called The Checkered Game of Life. Now called The Game of Life, it is part of a Milton Bradley catalog that includes Yahtzee, Connect 4, Chutes and Ladders, Mouse Trap, Operation and Big Ben jigsaw puzzles. Mr. Bradley was also an advocate of kindergarten programs and early art education, and for many years his company manufactured materials and published books for childhood education. Bradley himself published several books in the field, including Color in Kindergarten (1893) and Water Colors in the Schoolroom (1900).
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • tra credit: The Milton Bradley Company was acquired by Hasbro, Inc. in 1984... In 1881 Bradley was awarded a patent for a one-armed paper cutting machine... During the last years of his life the press sometimes referred to Bradley as "the Edison of Kindergarten"... Milton Bradley is also the name of a right fielder who plays professional baseball (his full name is MIlton Obelle Bradley, Jr.).
    • Max N.
      Max N. on 10 Jan 14
       
      American draftsman and lithographer Milton Bradley founded the Milton Bradley Company, famous makers of family board games such as The Game of Life, CandyLand and Twister. Read more: Milton Bradley Biography (Inventor/Entrepreneur) | Infoplease.com http://www.infoplease.com/biography/var/miltonbradley.html#ixzz2q1gIjdbN
  • anthony tarango on 10 Jan 14
     
    you stole my pic
Nathanael Nix

Martin Cooper, Father of the Cellular Phone | High Tech History - 0 views

hightechhistory.com/...r-father-of-the-cellular-phone

inventor history cell phone martin cooper phone MartinCooper

shared by Nathanael Nix on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Martin Cooper, who turns 82 on December 26th, is an electrical engineer – having gained his Master’s degree from the Illinois Institute of Technology in 1957.
  • Cooper’s inspiration for undertaking the project was the Star Trek television series, in which a small, hand-held ”communicator” device was used very much in the manner of a portable phone.
  • As I walked down the street while talking on the phone, sophisticated New Yorkers gaped at the sight of someone actually moving around while making a phone call. Remember that in 1973 there weren’t cordless telephones, let alone cellular phones. I made numerous calls, including one where I crossed the street while talking to a New York radio reporter – probably one of the more dangerous things I have ever done in my life.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Interestingly, the first person he called was Joel Engel, his chief rival at AT&T’s Bell Labs, to tell him he was calling on a portable phone.
  • The original phone weighed a gargantuan 30 ounces, and was referred to as the “Brick.”
  • With nearly four decades of success in the telecommunications industry, Cooper’s guiding philosophy is to look to its bright future: It’s very exciting to be a part of a movement toward making broadband available to people with the same freedom to be anywhere that they have for voice communications today. People rely heavily on the Internet for their work, entertainment, and communication, but they need to be unleashed.
  • Nathanael Nix on 15 Jan 14
     
    This is a very good biography about Martin Cooper and the invention of the cell phone. It also has some pictures of him, the phone, and also one of Joe Engal.
De Anna Jo Powell

By chance, chemist discoveredadhesive known as Super Glue: Kids Search - powered by EBS... - 0 views

web.ebscohost.com/...detail

super glue inventor Harry Coover

shared by De Anna Jo Powell on 17 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Harry Coover, 94, who as a young chemist in the 1940s and '50s discovered a powerful adhesive compound known today as Super Glue and Instant Krazy Glue, died March 26 at his home in Kingsport, Tenn. He had congestive heart failure.
  • 1942, as a chemist with Eastman Kodak
  • developing a plastic rifle sight for use in World War II
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • "The damn problem was everything was sticking to everything else," he told the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette in 2005. "We had a hard time using it in molds."
  • 1951, Dr. Coover was testing a heat-resistant polymer for use in aircraft windshields when he remembered his encounter with cyanoacrylate.
  • droplet of the liquid
  • bonded the lenses of an expensive optical instrument
  • compound solidifies after coming into contact with trace amounts of moisture
  • extremely strong polymer layer between two surfaces.
  • 1958 on an episode of the game show "I've Got a Secret,"
  • Eastman 910
  • aptly named because its fast-acting adhesive is effective by the count of 10
  • hoist Moore in the air as the host dangled from a set of glued pipes.
  • Eastman 910's remarkable strength and sticky quality led to a wide variety of applications.
  • used Super Glue to reduce scarring
  • 1950s, it was used in the manufacturing of atomic weapons.
  • Dr. Coover was most proud of its application in the Vietnam War
  • Harry Wesley Coover Jr. was born March 6, 1917, in Newark, Del.
  • As a teenager, he was driving over a railroad crossing when his car was hit by a train, his family said. The accident sent Dr. Coover into a coma for several months. When he awoke, he had no memory of the crash or his life before he was 16
  • recovered and graduated in 1941 from Hobart College in Geneva, N.Y. He then attended Cornell University, where he received a master's degree in 1942 and a doctorate in 1944, both in chemistry.
  • Dr. Coover retired from Eastman Kodak as vice president in 1984
  • 2010, President Obama awarded Dr. Coover the National Medal of Technology and Innovation.
  • Dr. Coover held more than 460 patents
  • 1983 movie "The Man Who Loved Women," Burt Reynolds and a tube of Instant Krazy Glue become stuck to a white shag carpet and a miniature dog named Simba.
  • De Anna Jo Powell on 17 Jan 14
     
    Some good information on Harry Coover of when he was younger
Heather Purpera

The First CD Invented - 0 views

www.thisisthefirst.com/...38-the-first-cd-invented

invented inventor history notes google

shared by Heather Purpera on 15 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • James Russell invented the compact disc in 1965. James Russell was granted a total of 22 patents for various elements of his compact disc system. However, the compact disk did not become popular until it was mass manufactured by Philips in 1980.             The first working prototype was produced in 1979. At the time of the technology's introduction it had more capacity than computer hard drives common at the time. The reverse is now true, with hard drives far exceeding the capacity of CDs.
  • n 1979, Philips and Sony got together to manufacture the compact disc.
  • The team leaders of this project were Kees Immink and Toshitada Doi. Philps handled the manufacturing process along with the Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation (EFM), while Sony too care of the error connection method, better known as CIRC. However, Philips claims that this invention was not a one man's job but a collective contribution by members of both the companies who worked together as a team.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Audio CDs and audio CD players have been commercially available since October 1982.            Mass adoption didn't happen immediately -- CDs wouldn't overtake cassette tapes until the late 1980s. The first album to sell 1 million copies in the CD format and outsell its vinyl version was Dire Straits' "Brothers in Arms," released in 1985.
  • This disc was taken over by nearly all markets across the globe, especially the Europe and the United States consumer market. The first successful CD to be launched was Brothers in Arms in 1985.A compact disc (CD) is a popular form of digital storage media used for computer files, pictures, and music. The plastic platter is read and written to by a laser in a CD drive. It comes in several varieties including CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW.  As with most new technologies, one reason for the slow spread of CDs was their steep price tags. The Sony CDP-101 player sold for the equivalent of $730 when it first hit Japanese shelves in 1982. Accounting for inflation, that's about $1,750 today. The audio CDs themselves were $15, which is $35 in 2012 dollars.
  • Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimeters (4.7 in) and can hold up to 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or 700 MB (actually about 703 MB or 737 MB) of data. The Mini CD has various diameters ranging from 60 to 80 millimeters (2.4 to 3.1 in); they are sometimes used for CD singles, storing up to 24 minutes of audio or delivering device drivers.
justin creed

Accidental Invention of The Post-It® Note - 0 views

www.vat19.com/...l-inventions-post-it-notes.cfm

inventor

shared by justin creed on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • In 1968 a 3M scientist developed a reusable adhesive that didn't really stick. The glue he created could hold paper together, but wasn't strong enough to maintain the bond when pulled on. Unfortunately, the scientist was trying to make a super glue. It would take 12 years and a flash of 'eureka' to turn the glue that wouldn't stick into the Post-It Note.
  • While trying to improve the adhesive that 3M used for tape, Silver discovered a less sticky glue. Ordinary adhesives are flat, with a solid contact area for adhesion. It is this unbroken contact that makes glue so sticky. What Silver found was a glue that while quite sticky, could only be formed into individual spheres the thickness of a piece of paper. The spheres would only adhere to things tangentially, thus, the adhesive's total contact area was very small. The result was a tacky, reusable glue that held paper together well. Silver knew he was on to something, but wasn't sure how to market it.
  • In attendance at one of these seminars was a 3M scientist named Arthur Fry. Fry sang in his church choir, and to keep track of the hymns, he tore scraps of paper into strips to make bookmarks. Every Sunday a few would fall out of the hymnal, frustrating Fry. In a moment of 'divine' inspiration, Fry realized that Silver's glue might make the perfect temporary adhesive to hold bookmarks! At work, Fry gathered
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • scraps of paper and Silver's glue, and combined them to make sticky, but removable bookmarks. The bookmarks were popular and handy, but people didn't need more than a few of them.
  • In 1978 a team of 3M marketers flooded Boise, Idaho, showing everyone they could find the wondrous new notes. Post-It Notes were officially released to the public in 1980, and in 1981 they were named 3M's Outstanding New Product. Today there are over 600 products based on the Post-It concept. Arthur Fry is semi-retired from 3M, maintaining a part-time presence as a mentor. Spencer Silver retired in 1996.
  • When it became clear that Post-It Notes were viable in a commercial atmosphere, 3M's marketing went to work.
  • Fry quickly realized that his bookmark had applications as an adhesive note. Fry believed so strongly in his invention that when engineers told him that a machine didn't exist to manufacture the notes, he went home and built just such a machine in his basement. When he couldn't fit it through his basement door, he knocked the wall down. Now he had his manufacturing equipment, and a great product. The only thing he didn't have was the support of senior management at 3M. To overcome this, Fry sent samples of his notes to all the company's executives, who quickly ordered more samples. Management was quickly hooked, and their demand soon outstripped development's production capacity.
    • Chad Amico
      Chad Amico on 13 Jan 14
       
      AMAZING. . . __ 
Max N.

Milton Bradley info - 1 views

www.ideafinder.com/...gameoflife.htm

life game history invention

shared by Max N. on 09 Jan 14 - No Cached
    • Katie Gatliff
      Katie Gatliff on 09 Jan 14
       
      great information for how the game came about
  • In 1860, Mr. Milton Bradley was a successful lithographer whose major product was a portrait of Abraham Lincoln. When Mr. Lincoln grew his trademark beard, Bradley's clean-shaven portrait was no longer popular. Out of desperation, Mr. Bradley printed up several copies of a game he'd invented called, "The Checkered Game of Life." Its immediate popularity put Milton Bradley in the game business. This was Milton Bradley's first game. He sold 45,000 copies of the game by the end of the year.
  • Milestones: 1860 Milton Bradley invents and markets "The Checkered Game of Life." 1960 Reuben Klamer invents "The Game of Life®". Milton Bradley company markets game.  invention, history, inventor of, history of, who invented, invention of, fascinating facts.
  • ...2 more annotations...
    • Max N.
      Max N. on 13 Jan 14
       
      When he made the game
  • invented
  • Max N. on 13 Jan 14
     
    some info on the game of life that milton bradley made
Katlyn Humphries

History of Procter & Gamble | Toilet Paper Encyclopedia - 0 views

encyclopedia.toiletpaperworld.com/...proctor-and-gamble

shared by Katlyn Humphries on 14 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Febreze
  • Old Spice
  • Secret
  • ...56 more annotations...
  • Charmin
  • Children’s Pepto
  • Clearblue Easy
  • Dreft
  • Pampers
  • Pampers Kandoo
  • Max Factor
  • Puffs
  • Duracell
  • Camay
  • Ivory
  • Old Spice
  • Safeguard
  • CoverGirl
  • Pampers UnderJams
  • Braun
  • Gillette Complete Skincare
  • Cascade
  • Ivory
  • Always
  • Tampax
  • Aussie
  • Clairol
  • Head & Shoulders
  • Herbal Essences
  • Infusium 23
  • Pantene
  • Align
  • Pepto-Bismol
  • Prilosec OTC
  • Bounty
  • Mr. Clean
  • Swiffer
  • Crest
  • Crest Glide
  • Crest Whitestrips
  • Scope
  • Oral-B
  • Gillette Fusion
  • Gillette M3Power
  • Gillette SatinCare
  • Gillette Venus
  • Pringles
  • 1907-1920 William Cooper Procter, son of William Alexander, takes over as Head of the company. Crisco is invented and introduced, and the company’s candles are discontinued with the development of the electric light bulb!Over the next three decades, Procter & Gamble develops many more products. Tide detergent, Drene shampoo, Duncan Hines Cake Mix, and Crest toothpaste are just a few of the products that brought the company much wealth, during that time.
  • 1850 Procter & Gamble begin printing the “Moon and Stars” on their packaged products, as their unofficial trademark.
  • 1859 Procter & Gamble reaches the one million-dollar mark!
  • 1862 Numerous contracts were awarded to P&G, during the Civil War, to supply soap and candles to the Union armies.
  • 1890 William Alexander Procter, younger son of Mr. Procter, becomes the first President of the company. That same year, he builds one of the American industry’s first research labs for products.
  • 1837 William Procter (a candle maker from England) and James Gamble (a soap maker from Ireland) immigrate to Cincinnati, Ohio and begin selling their products. A formal partnership is signed on October 31, 1837.
  • 1957-1961 P&G enters the paper product industry with the acquisition of Charmin Paper Mills, and Pampers are brought to the test market. The original Charmin “family” included paper towels, facial tissue and bath tissue, however; P&G discontinued all but bath tissue for their product market.
  • 1973 Procter & Gamble patents a new manufacturing technique to produce softer Charmin tissue.
  • 1978 Charmin becomes available in all 50 states, and the new 6-roll package is introduced.
  • 1994-1997 Charmin’s products just keep coming! The Charmin Mega Roll, the double roll, the triple roll, and the “Big Squeeze” mega size roll are created.
  • 1999 Procter & Gamble introduces its biggest upgrade in 10 years-the new, most absorbent Charmin toilet tissue with the same softness.
  • 2002 P&G develops Naturella feminine pads specifically for needs of low-income women in Latin America.
  • 2006 To aid the global crisis of unsafe drinking water in developing countries, P&G launches the Children’s Safe Drinking Water Program using their PUR water system.
  • Katlyn Humphries on 14 Jan 14
     
    List of their brands that they've joined or created
Chad Amico

Post-it note - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views

en.wikipedia.org/...Post-it_note

inventor history notes

shared by Chad Amico on 14 Jan 14 - Cached
  • In 1968, Dr. Spencer Silver, a scientist at 3M in the United States, was attempting to develop a super-strong adhesive, but instead he accidentally created a "low-tack", reusable, pressure-sensitive adhesive[1][2] that has been characterized as "a solution without a problem"
  • Fry then developed the idea by taking advantage of 3M's officially sanctioned "permitted bootlegging" policy.[5] 3M launched the product in stores in 1977 in four cities under the name "Press 'n Peel", but its results were disappointing.[6][7] A year later, in 1978, 3M issued free samples to residents of Boise, Idaho, and 94 percent of the people who tried them said that they would buy the product.[6] On April 6, 1980, the product debuted in US stores as "Post-It Notes".[8] In 1981, Post-its were launched in Canada and Europe.[9]
  • In 2003, the company came out with Post-it Brand Super Sticky notes, with a stronger glue that adheres better to vertical and non-smooth surfaces.[10] Standard Post-it Brand notes have only partial adhesive coating on the back, along one edge.
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • The Yellow Stickee Diary of a Mad Secretary", by Rosa Maria Arenas, is the mini graphic journal of an office worker/artist, exhibited July 7 - August 25, 2013, at the Michigan Institute of Contemporary Art (MICA) Gallery in Lansing, Michigan. The 41 drawings displayed are a tiny percentage of the more than 2000 original drawings that constitute the Yellow Stickee Diary Project which Arenas created while working temp jobs from 1994 to 2005. Printed with archival inks on archival paper, the reproductions include "stickee sized" (3" x 5") framed prints and enlargements of the original drawings (which were all done on post-it notes).
  • Rebecca Murtaugh, a California artist who uses Post-it notes in her artwork, in 2001 created an installation by covering her whole bedroom with $1000 worth of the notes, using the ordinary yellow for objects she saw as having less value and neon colors for more important objects, such as the bed.[10]
  • One such work, by the artist R. B. Kitaj, sold for £640 in an auction, making it the most valuable Post-it note on record.[14]
  • Analogues of Post-it notes have also been used in technology in the form of desktop notes which are computer applications developed to allow users to put virtual notes on their computer desktop. These computerized versions of Post-it notes include 3M's own "Post-it Brand Software Notes", "Stickies" in Mac OS, "Sticky Notes" in Windows,[15] or other non-free applications like ShixxNOTE.[16] Additionally, some web applications have developed Post-it sort notes for online use.
Trey Mcintyre

A brief history of air-conditioning - 0 views

www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/...abriefhistoryofairconditioning

brief history of the air conditioning

shared by Trey Mcintyre on 10 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Will historians look back at the summer heatwave of 2006
  • Except for one. There is a piece of 20th-century technology—seldom discussed or even noticed because it is practically invisible when working as it should—which has played a role in shaping the modern world almost as big as the motor car or the aeroplane. Its contribution to carbon emissions and climate change has been just as disastrous, in its way, and is set to make an even bigger impact in the near future. Step forward, please, the
  • achines as a child, and eventually won a mechanical engineering scholarship to Cornell University. His first job on graduation was with the Buffalo Forge Company, a manufacturer of heaters and blowers, where he was quickly put in charge of an experimental department. In 1902, at the age of 25, he devised and installed the world’s first air-conditioner for the Sackett-Wilhelms Lithographing and Publishing Company in Brooklyn. The firm had been unable to print reliable colours because of the effec
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • mericans demanded it in their millions. What had originally been considered a luxury soon became one of the must-haves of modern life. “Weatherlessness” was perceived as a step towards a technology-driven vision of utopia.
  • Since the 1950s air-conditioning has been partly responsible for the economic development of America’s
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