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Saturn was named after the ancient Roman god of agriculture. His counterpart in ancient Greek mythology was Cronus, the father of Zeus (the counterpart of the Roman god Jupiter). The planet Jupiter is Saturn’s nearest neighbor and the closest to it in size and composition. Like Jupiter, Saturn is a giant world formed mainly of hydrogen with no solid surface. It has a massive atmosphere, or surrounding layer of gases, with complex weather patterns. ESA/NASA/JPL/University of ArizonaESA/NASA/JPL/University of Arizona The planet’s extensive system of icy moons includes nine major moons and dozens of small ones. Some of the moons help create the rings and maintain their shape. Titan, the largest of Saturn’s moons, is bigger than the planet Mercury. It is the only moon in the solar system known to have a dense atmosphere.

At the heart of the solar system is our sun. The four planets nearest it are rocky, terrestrial worlds — Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. After that are four gas giants — Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Between the orbits of Mars and Jupiter lies the asteroid belt, which includes the dwarf planet Ceres. Beyond the orbit of Neptune one finds the disk-shaped Kuiper belt, in which dwarf planet Pluto resides, and far beyond that is the giant, spherical Oort Cloud and the teardrop-shaped heliopause. See the structure of the solar system (infographic).

The planet that Voyager uncovered is a stormy, windswept world with a vivid blue hue. Its highly active atmosphere is surprising, since it receives so little sunlight to power its weather systems. Like the other giant outer planets, Neptune has no solid surface. It also has a system of rings and more than a dozen moons.

Neptune is the smallest of the four giant outer planets. The diameter at its equator is about 30,775 miles (49,528 kilometers), as measured at a level of the atmosphere where the pressure is 1 bar (the pressure at sea level on Earth). This makes it slightly smaller than Uranus but nearly four times as big as Earth. Neptune’s mass is about 1.2 times greater than Uranus’, however, and more than 17 times greater than Earth’s. It is the third most massive planet in the solar system, after Jupiter and Saturn. Like the other outer planets, Neptune has a low density—only about 1.6 times the density of water. However, it is the densest of the four, being roughly 25 percent denser than Uranus.

Uranus is the third largest planet in the solar system, after Jupiter and Saturn. Uranus is about four times bigger than Earth. Its diameter at the equator is about 31,763 miles (51,118 kilometers), as measured at the level of the atmosphere where the pressure is the same as at sea level on Earth. The planet is slightly larger than Neptune, but Neptune is about 1.2 times more massive. Uranus’ density is quite low—only about 1.3 times that of water, compared with 1.6 for Neptune and 5.5 for rocky Earth.

Jupiter is the largest planet in our solar system. Its famous 'Red Spot' and raging gas storms give it an impressive if not intimidating appearance. As well as having many moons, Jupiter also has a number of rings similar to that of Saturn but much less noticeable.  

All four giant planets in our solar system, including Jupiter, possess a system of rings. Unlike the brilliant, icy rings of Saturn, Jupiter's rings are tenuous, dusty structures. And although Saturn's iconic rings were first spied by Galileo in 1610, Jupiter's faint rings were not spied until the 1970s, when spacecraft first visited the Jupiter system.

The rings appear to be created by dust thrown off by impacts on small moons that orbit within them. The gossamer rings actually outline the orbits of the moons Amalthea and Thebe. The moons Adrastea and Metis skirt through the outer edges of the main ring.

What also is amazing is the sheer size difference of planets. While humans think of Earth as a large planet, in reality it is dwarfed by the massive gas giants lurking at the outer edges of our Solar System. This article explores the planets in order of size, with a bit of context as to how they got that way.

No human was around 4.5 billion years ago when the Solar System was formed, so what we know about its birth comes from several sources: examining rocks on Earth and other places, looking at other solar systems in formation and doing computer models, among other methods. As more information comes in, some of our theories of the Solar System must change to suit the new evidence.