loose confederation
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Egypt: Who Were the Sea People - 3 views
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However, the Sea Peoples must have had some form of power to be able to conquer other societies.
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originating in the eastern Mediterranean
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Between 1200 and 1176 BC, the chaos that occurred in that region was probably a direct outcome of Sea People activity
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They had arrived in that area almost a century earlier
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Stable government to have been able to last over 100 years and not have a permanent home.
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No land could stand before their arms
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The Peleset, who were non other than the Philistines that gave their name to Palestine. The Lukka who may have come from the Lycian region of Anatolia. The Ekwesh and Denen who seem to be identified with the Homeric Achaean and Danaean Greeks The Sherden who may be associated with Sardinia. The Teresh (Tursha or Tyrshenoi - possibly the Tyrrhenians), the Greek name for the Etruscans; or from the western Anatolian Taruisa Shekelesh (Shekresh, Sikeloi - Sicilians?)
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widespread crop failures and famine
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the initial settlement
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they carried their possessions in ox-drawn cards, prepared to settle down though whatever territory they transverse
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Sea People's alliance appears to have remained strong
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It was clear that their ultimate goal was Egypt.
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Egypt seems to have been ready for this onslaught,
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In the brutal hand to hand fighting which ensued the Sea People are utterly defeated.
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While the Sea People forever changed the face of the Mediterranean world
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loose confederation
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loose confederation
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loose confederation
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loose confederation
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loose confederation
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loose confederation
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they did manage to invade Egypt's northern coast and apparently mounted campaigns against the Egyptians on more than one occasion.
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when it came was a complete success for the Egyptians. The Sea Peoples, on land, were defeated and scattered but their navy continued towards the eastern Nile delta.
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Between 1200 and 1176 BC, the chaos that occurred in that region was probably a direct outcome of Sea People activity, and may be one reason why we find it difficult to find historical documentation beyond that date in Asia Minor.
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It would seem that, rather then bands of plunderers, the Sea People were probably part of a great migration of displaced people.
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As they began to enter Egypt, the warriors were usually accompanied by their wives and families, and it appears that they carried their possessions in ox-drawn cards, prepared to settle down though whatever territory they transverse.
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However, the Sea People's alliance appears to have remained strong, for afterwards they destroyed the Hittite empire, ransacking the capital of Hattusas, and were probably responsible for the sacking of the client city of Ugarit on the Syrian coast, as well as cities such as Alalakh in northern Syria. Cyprus had also been overwhelmed and its capital Enkomi ransacked. It was clear that their ultimate goal was Egypt.
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The Sea People, who we are told of on reliefs at Medinet Habu and Karnak, as well as from the text of the Great Harris Papyrus (now in the British Museum), are said to be a loose confederation of people originating in the eastern Mediterranean.
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Although the Egyptians had a reputation as poor seamen
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I am looking at a italisized document in the middle of the page which gives best mention to the identity, or rather lack of, of the Sea Peoples. They turn out to be miscellaneous societies from the Aegean such as the Phillistines. Sea Peoples seems to be a term encompassing any invaders of Egypt from the time that came by the sea.
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Zhou - 1 views
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r nomadic ways, they learned how to work with people of different cultures.
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gaining the allegiance of disaffected city-states.
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The Zhou adopted much of the Shang lifestyle, often importing Shang families or communities to new towns they built to utilize the knowledge of the Shang artisans. The bronze vessels of the Zhou are nearly identical with those of the Shang. The Zhou also adopted much of the Shang writing system, rituals, and administration techniques.
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After overtaking the Shang Dynasty the Zhou's adopt the cultures of the Shang
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The Zhou Dynasty is divided into subperiods.
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Their capital was divided into two sections, one for the Zhou, that contained the imperial court, and the other half for the transported Shang.
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Mandate of Heaven
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The Shang and Zhou Dynasties - 0 views
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A Shang emperor was chief priest, and he had an administrative bureaucracy, with councilors, lesser priests and diviners.
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A Shang emperor was chief priest, and he had an administrative bureaucracy with councilors, lesser priests, and diviners.
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warrin
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And women in Shang civilization were subservient to men, with aristocratic women
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And women in Shang civilization were subservient to men
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They saw nature as numerous gods using magic, gods called kuei-shen, a word for ghost or spirit. They had a god they thought produced rain
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The people of Shang civilization believed in an invisible heaven
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Zhou emperors told those they had conquered that they, the Zhou, had ousted the ancestors of Shang emperors from heaven and that heaven was occupied by their supreme god, a god they called "The Lord on High," who, they said, had commanded the downfall of the Shang emperors. Like emperors in West Asia, Zhou emperors claimed that they ruled by divine right
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gods could exercise either benevolent or malevolent magic
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emperors the local rulers received gifts such as chariots, bronze w
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a married aristocrat became infatuated with another woman, rather than drive his wife from his home he could bring the other woman into the family as a concubine, where she would rank beneath his wife
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Intro/Rise and fall of the Indus Civilization - 0 views
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The Indus Civilization flourished between about 2600 and 1800 BC when it collapsed into regional cultures at the Late Harappan stage. According to Parpola the collapse was due to a combination of several factors like over-exploitation of the environment, drastic changes in the river-courses, series of floods, water-logging and increased salinity of the irrigated lands. Finally the weakened cities would have become easy victims of the raiders from Central Asia, whose arrival heralded a major cultural discontinuity in South Asi
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The coming of the Aryans to the Indus Valley - 0 views
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Parpola's new hypothesis will have to be examined in detail by specialists in South Asian history and Indo-European linguistics. So far as the Indus Civilization is concerned the main implication of the new theory seems to be that the Aryan-Dasa conflict recorded in the earliest portions of the Rigveda is the story of the hostilities and eventual fusion of two Aryan tribes, which took place before their entry into the Indian sub-continent and has thus no relevance to the demise of the mature phase of the Indus Civilization.
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be that the Aryan-Dasa conflict recorded in the earliest portions of the Rigveda is the story of the hostilities and eventual fusion of two Aryan tribes, which took place before their entry into the Indian sub-contine
Home Page - 1 views
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Pre-Modern East Asia : To 1800: A ... - Google Books - 0 views
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The mandate of heaven was created by the Zhou rulers as a way to make the transition from Shang Dynasty to the Zhou Dynasty... not necessarily a religious region, but a political one.
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Egypt's Golden Empire . New Kingdom . Overview | PBS - 0 views
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Behind the power of the Egyptian empire lay a vast wealth of natural resources. Chief among these was the river Nile, the freeway of the ancient world, whose floodplains also provided huge expanses of fertile farming ground that kept Egypt self-sufficient and usually famine-free.
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The regular flooding of the Nile allowed the Egyptians to plan their crops well, which led to less famines.
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bureaucratic efficiency and cultural sophistication
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deserts of Nubia, gold mines gave Egypt the unimaginable wealth that formed the real power behind the throne.
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Egypt's Golden Empire . New Kingdom | PBS - 0 views
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The Nile provided vast amounts of fertile land and was a major route for communications and travel
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Allowed for easy trade and communication, since traveling by water was much faster than by land.
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Boats moved cattle, grain and soldiers across the Kingdom and the Nile linked Egypt's provincial centers to its capital, Thebes. This enabled Egypt to function as an integrated kingdom, rather than a collection of independent provinces.
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The most important of these was gold. Egypt's gold turned it into a superpower, respected and courted by friends and enemies alike.
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desert regions also gave Egypt a rich supply of salts
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solder precious metals together
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deserts around Egypt also provided building materials for temples, palaces and tombs.
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Flax, a winter vegetable, was also essential. Flax had two main uses: oil and fiber. The flax stems were combed to remove the bolls, which contained linseed oil. The remaining fibers were spun to make linen threads, which could then be woven into clothing, sheets and blankets.
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While its power was based primarily on gold, it was papyrus that gave Egypt its sophistication.
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Hittites - Crystalinks - 0 views
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Hittite prosperity was mostly dependent on control of the trade routes and metal sources. Because of the importance of Northern Syria to the vital routes linking the Cilician gates with Mesopotamia, defense of this area was crucial, and was soon put to the test by Egyptian expansion under Pharaoh Rameses II. Although his own inscriptions proclaimed victory, it seems more likely that Rameses was turned back at the Battle of Kadesh by the Hittite king Muwatalli, successor to Mursilis II. This battle took place in the 5th year of Ramses (c 1275 BC by the most commonly used chronology).
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The Battle of Kadesh was really the beginning of the end for the Hittites. They started to lose control of their empire after this.
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the power of the Hittites began to decline yet again, as the Assyrians had seized the opportunity to vanquish Mitanni and expand to the Euphrates while Muwatalli was preoccupied with the Egyptians. Assyria now posed equally as great a threat to Hittite trade routes as Egypt had ever been.
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The "Treaty of Kadesh", one of the oldest completely surviving treaties in history, fixed their mutual boundaries in Canaan, and was signed in the 21st year of Rameses (c. 1258 BC).
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The Sea Peoples had already begun their push down the Mediterranean coastline, starting from the Aegean, and continuing all the way to Philistia -- taking Cilicia and Cyprus away from the Hittites en route and cutting off their coveted trade routes. This left the Hittite homelands vulnerable to attack from all directions, and Hattusa was burnt to the ground sometime around 1180 BC following a combined onslaught from Gasgas, Bryges and Luwians. The Hittite Empire thus vanished from the historical record.
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Destruction of the Hittite empire concluded by the Sea Peoples (still have no idea who these dudes are).
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Archaeology News - Aboriginal India and the Harappan Empire - 0 views
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The Harappan rulers, by contrast, collected large quantities of grain into fortified storehouses, which suggests a major centralization of the land’s wealth. The rulers most likely introduced a system of plantation farming. They claimed large tracts of riverside land and cleared them of trees. Then they dug ditches from the river to irrigate the newly denuded areas. Instead of growing scattered gardens of many useful plants, the supervisors probably reserved their best fields for crops of a single species, and weeded out all other plants. The workers who did this may have been slaves, hired hands, or villagers required to donate days of labor. They probably worked under command, and not for themselves.
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The Harappan cities of wood-fired brick, the large granaries, and the bones of wild animals (including bears, crocodiles, elephants, tigers and forest squirrels) from Harappan times, all suggested that the environment of Pakistan was once far greener. But as mentioned before, recent studies of soil and climate show no significant decline of rainfall over the course of history. Jacquetta Hawkes says the old vegetation was destroyed “not by a loss of rainfall, but by tree-felling and the grazing of goats and sheep
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Such deforestation tends to produce water logging on a flood plain, because trees constantly pump the groundwater up to their leaves. Removing the trees halts most of the pumping.
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As for irrigation, both the Harappans and Mesopotamians channeled water onto their fields with little provision for drainage. When the soil grew waterlogged, mineral salts floated up to accumulate in the topsoil. We have evidence that the Harappans spread gypsum on their fields, which is an old treatment for salt contamination.[xvii] Given enough time, periodic floods from the Indus would naturally wash away the saline deposits. But it seems the Harappan farming methods polluted the soil faster than the river cleaned it.
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The slow decline of Harappan towns suggests a gradual slide toward environmental poverty
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denuded the land around their rivers, the basins filled more rapidly with silt, choking the Indus in mud. Where accumulations filled the riverbed, the Indus broke its banks and roamed like a thrashing snake over central Pakistan. This is how rivers behave in desert regions. The Harappan cities were built on massive embankments of earth to escape floods. Yet even some raised towns show signs of inundation. The shifting rivers left other settlements high and dry, such as the ruins by the banks of the old Sarasvati.
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Some towns were destroyed quite early, around 2000 BCE. Others lingered about five centuries more. In those centuries, town residents increasingly cannibalized the old buildings for brick and wood. New construction no longer followed any master plan. The Harappan writing fell from use. Finally, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were sacked, with a few dead bodies left in the streets. Probably most of the population had already left.
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Origins of the Sea People - 2 views
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Based on New Kingdom Egyptian text, The Danuna are considered one of the major groups of the Sea Peoples.
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Based on New Kingdom Egyptian text, The Danuna are considered one of the major groups of the Sea Peoples.
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Based on New Kingdom Egyptian text, The Danuna are considered one of the major groups of the Sea Peoples.
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Based on New Kingdom Egyptian text, The Danuna are considered one of the major groups of the Sea Peoples.
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Based on New Kingdom Egyptian text, The Danuna are considered one of the major groups of the Sea Peoples.
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The Danuna are known from Egyptian, Hittite, and classical sources. In the historical sources, the Danuna are known by many different names such as Denyen, Danunites, Danaoi, Danaus, Danaids, Dene, Danai, Danaian.
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The Danuna next appear during the reign of Ramesses III eighth year in 1188 BCE at his mortuary temple of Medinet Habu. The relief tells that their was a confederation of Philistines, Tjeker, Shelelesh, Denyen, and Weshesh that united to attack Egypt (Pritchard 1969:262-263).
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I slew the Denyen in their islands, while the Tjeker and the Philistines were made ashes. The Sherden and the Weshesh of the Sea were nonexistent, captured all together and brought in captivity to Egypt like the sands of the shore (Pritchard 1969:260-261).
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There are several theories on where the Danuna came from: 1) Eastern Cilicia, 2) Mycenae, 3) Canaan. The first theory is that the Danuna came from Cilicia is based on the name of Adana, a city in the eastern part of Cilicia. Under the name Adaniya which, was named by Telepinus whose reign is now dated at 1525-1500 BCE (Wainwright 1963:150). According to Barnett (1975:10), the Danuna lives in Cilicia in the ninth century BC, and caused alarm to their neighbors Amanus, Kalamu of Sam’al . Not only the Danuna of el-Amarna, but the Dnn of the Egyptian sources as well were the inhabitants of the Cilician Adana, without any connection with Greece. The “islands” where Ramesses III situated the Danuna were tiny islets and capes of the Cilician coast . The Danuna are also known from the Karatepe inscription, which mentions the legendary Greek hero named Mopsus. Mopsus is said to have found Aspendos, which is identical to the town, that Azitawadda in Cilicia. The event according to the Greeks are supposed to happen after the fall of Troy in 1180 BCE (Barnett 1953:142).
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.Many scholars associate the Danuna with the Greeks because all Greeks were referred to as Danaans by Homer. The fact that Homer lends the name Danaans to the Greeks is a credible suggestion because the Danaans came from Mycenae. Greek tradition suggests that the Danaoi settled in Argos and were named after the Danaos.
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The Danuna and other Sea Peoples return to the Levant as a counter migration. While many of the Danuna, went to the Aegean and Mycenae and became known as the Danaans. Others went to Asia Minor and some of the Sea Peoples return to the Levant. The Danuna were accepted into the confederation of the tribes of Israel called Dan (Jones 1975:23). The Danuna were part of a confederation in the Levant with other groups of Sea People especially the Philistines. They were part of the sea battle against the Egyptians, which is depicted on the relief at Medinet Habu
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Tribe of Dan was very close to the People of the Sea.
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The tribe of the Danai originated in the east, and the introduction of the alphabet to Greece is attributed to it. Its members were outstanding seamen who had special connection with sun worship. The association with the Tribe of Dan is because their was two different tribes (the Danites and the Danai) with identical names and similar characteristics which operated in the same geographical region and period or there is a link between the tribe of Dan and the tribe of Danai, and possibly a certain measure of identity (Yadin 1968:22).
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they were a major part of the confederation that attacked Egypt with the other group of Sea People
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There are many theories about the origins of the Sea People, but can be concluded that the attack on Egypt was by a confederation of Sea People, and that there was more than one tribe. -
There are many theories about the origins of the Sea People, but can be concluded that the attack on Egypt was by a confederation of Sea People, and that there was more than one tribe.
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Knossos Palace: site knossos, king minos, mythology greece, crete knossos, minoa palace... - 1 views
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In the mythology King Minos was the ruler of Knossos. He was born from the union of Zeus and Europa. His wife Pasiphae bore a monster, half-bull and half-man, the Minotaur. He was imprisoned in an underground labyrinth designed by Deadalus.
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human sacrifice
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The purpose of this myth was to show the power of King Minos and Athens'; subjugation to the Minoan civilization
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Egypt: Who Were the Sea People - 0 views
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Sea People included: The Peleset, who were non other than the Philistines that gave their name to Palestine. The Lukka who may have come from the Lycian region of Anatolia. The Ekwesh and Denen who seem to be identified with the Homeric Achaean and Danaean Greeks The Sherden who may be associated with Sardinia. The Teresh (Tursha or Tyrshenoi - possibly the Tyrrhenians), the Greek name for the Etruscans; or from the western Anatolian Taruisa Shekelesh (Shekresh, Sikeloi - Sicilians?)
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This is a fairly large group of people. If this is so, than no wonder they were able to overtake Egypt. However, how did they all come together as the "Sea People"
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As they began to enter Egypt, the warriors were usually accompanied by their wives and families, and it appears that they carried their possessions in ox-drawn cards, prepared to settle down though whatever territory they transverse.
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They had set their minds to take over Egypt. In fact, they were so confident that they brought their possesions and wives. They lacked fear of losing battles. For this reason, they might have been a very unified force of people. Why?
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Those Sea People who were captured appear to have been settled in military colonies located in the Delta, where their descendants would become an increasingly important political factor over time.
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So, the "Sea People" were unified and a strong fighting force, but whenever a particular "sea person" was captured, he quickly disbands from his group and begins a new life. This is quite odd; the sea people were a unified group of people who could easily forget that they were ever part of this group and begin new lives.
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However, the Sea People's alliance appears to have remained strong, for afterwards they destroyed the Hittite empire, ransacking the capital of Hattusas, and were probably responsible for the sacking of the client city of Ugarit on the Syrian coast, as well as cities such as Alalakh in northern Syria. Cyprus had also been overwhelmed and its capital Enkomi ransacked. It was clear that their ultimate goal was Egypt.
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So, to conclude, the "sea people" were unified, any one person could leave easily and begin a new life, and yet they are still unified and powerful when they are together. Do they not think of those who leave as traitors? They might not because they have no idea what happened to those traitors.
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Exploring Chavín de Huántar - 0 views
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The point of this web site is to introduce you to the site of Chavín de Huántar through virtual reality and a variety of photographs integrated within that experience, and help you ponder some of the big questions that archaeologists face with such data.
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ABC-CLIO: World History: Ancient: Entry Display - 1 views
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rivaled the Egyptians
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when they established a kingdom
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dominant
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extended their influence toward Syria
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their migration pushed other populations southward
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culture and Indo-European language
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irst conquest was the town of Nesa (near modern Kayseri, Turkey), followed by the capture of Hattusas (near modern Bogazkoy).
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He was the first major Hittite conqueror to spread his control throughout Asia Minor to the coast. Labarna's successors pushed their borders southward to Syria. Mursilis I raided deep into the old empire of Babylonia, captured Aleppo, and set the kingdom's southern boundary in Syria. The Hittites spent the next two centuries quelling internal disturbances and fighting the Mitanni of upper Mesopotamia.
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He laid down strict succession guidelines and possibly established a code of law
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he two powers remained rivals for the next century
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During a time of Egyptian weakness under King Akhenaton, the Hittites made gains in Lebanon at Egyptian expense
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They also spread their power to the Aegean Sea, Armenia, and upper Mesopotamia.
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The key battle in the ongoing conflict with Egypt took place in 1275 BC at Kadesh on the Orontes River. Pharaoh Ramses II led his army of Numidian mercenaries north to force his will on the Hittites once and for all. When two captured Hittite deserters informed the pharaoh that their army was still many days' march away, Ramses rode ahead of his army to set up camp near Kadesh. The two prisoners turned out to have been planted by the Hittite king Muwatallis, and the Hittite Army attacked the pharaoh without most of his troops. Ramses fought bravely until his army arrived; their appearance forced a Hittite retreat into the city of Kadesh. Without siege equipment, Ramses could not force their surrender, so he withdrew
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The secret of the Hittites' expansion and superiority lay in the fact that they were the first power to develop the process of smelting iron in large quantities, a method that was probably discovered in about 1400 BC. In a time when everyone used bronze for weapons, iron weaponry gave its possessors a great advantage. Despite that advantage, however, the bulk of the Hittite Army was made up of mounted troops and chariots, from which archers fought. Iron weaponry conferred less of an advantage on those troops, but the Hittite infantry carried iron swords and iron-tipped spears and fought in a phalanx formation.
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The Hittite kingdom recognized a supreme ruler, but a strong aristocracy made absolute rule difficult
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An early form of feudalism was the basic social and governmental structure, with the local lords being responsible for providing troops in time of emergency.
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The king maintained a standing army, however, especially as the empire expanded and garrisons were necessary to maintain control over subject populations. Further, the king maintained a personal guard of about 1,200 (possibly as many as 12,000) soldiers from Elam, and other mercenaries were employed as well.
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In China, Ancient History Kindles Modern Doubts - The New York Times - 0 views
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Chinese civilization has 5,000 years of uninterrupted history
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hard proof of the first 2,000 years is missing.
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Ample evidence does exist of early cultures in the Yellow River Valley, where legend holds that the Chinese language and imperial system took form under a mythical Yellow Emperor 5,000 years ago. But no firmly documented chronology of rulers, reigns and conquests -- of the sort that exists for ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia -- actually goes back beyond 841 B.C.
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Xia-Shang-Zhou Chronology Project
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scholars in disciplines including archaeology, astronomical history, early manuscripts and the parsing of inscriptions on bronze vessels and divination bones had made many new discoveries and synthesized the sketchy evidence.
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''A history without chronology is no history at all,'' Mr. Song wrote in a newspaper article this fall. ''It can only be called rumor or myth.''
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Yellow Emperor
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771 B.C., when the Zhou Dynasty fell
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Our history book talks about the Shang empire as well as the Zhou, but no specific rulers are ever mentioned.
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The Zhou Dynasty - It Set in Motion the First Unification of China - China culture - 0 views
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conquering the Shang dynasty, the Zhou because the most powerful political group in China.
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strong centralized government.
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Confucianism spread across the land.
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developed agricultural skills and formed an alliance with the neighboring state of Jiang
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defeated their neighboring allies and claimed the eastern regions
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loyalty of the conquered eastern states eventually faded
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noblemen exiled the tyrannical Chou king and took control of the government
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had little authority and was forced to rely on the support of eastern dukes to maintain order.
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growing millet in the north and rice in the south, cultivation of wheat, oats, barley, and lentils
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, farming techniques improved to include use of organic fertilizers, irrigation, and planned field management to increase yield.
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Contact between the states
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state in control of the distribution of resources and the nobility at the top of the hierarchy
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Peasants served the nobles by farming specific designated areas for their respective lords
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. Peasants served the nobles by farming specific designated areas for their respective lords
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, each peasant was assigned acreage on which he could cultivate crops for his family.
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. Feudalism faded and was succeeded by a centralized government.
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Taoism also flourished
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rise of legalism and a political philosophy that stressed strict laws and punishments.
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Zhou dynasty was historically important because it set in motion the first unification of China. After conquering the Shang dynasty, the Zhou because the most powerful political group in China. The Zhou dynasty lasted until 256 B.C. and is divided into two periods linked partially to geography: the Western and the Eastern Zhou.
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Who Were the Hyksos - 1 views
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The Hyksos were an important influence on Egyptian history, particularly at the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period.
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It appears that the Hyksos left much of Egypt alone.
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While the Hyksos imported some of their own gods, they also appear to have honored the Egyptian deities as well, such as Seth, who became assimilated with some Hyksos deities.
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One hypothesis is that the basic population of Egyptians allowed, from time to time, a new influx of settlers, first from the region of Lebanon and Syria, and subsequently from Palestine and Cyprus.
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Hence, the Hyksos rule of Egypt was probably the climax of waves of Asiatic immigration and infiltration into the northeastern Delta of the Nile.
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The Hyksos did eventually utilize superior bronze weapons, chariots and composite bows to help them take control of Egypt, though in reality, the relative slowness of their advance southwards from the Delta seems to support the argument that the process was gradual and did not ultimately turn on the possession of overwhelming military superiority.
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However, the Hyksos never really ruled Egypt completely.
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Yet, Egypt would eventually benefit considerably from their experience of foreign rule, and it has been suggested that the Hyksos rule of Egypt was far less damaging then later 18th Dynasty records would lead us to believe. It would make Egypt a stronger country, with a much more viable military.
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Gives more background on the Hyksos who are described in the book as invaders of Egypt then adopted Egyptian culture.
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