establish relations with the Yuezhi.

I have attained, thought I, to this Doctrine profound, recondite, hard to comprehend, serene, excellent, beyond dialectic, abstruse, and only to be perceived by the learned. But mankind delights, takes delight, and is happy in what it clings on to, so that for it, being thus minded it is hard to understand causal relations and the chain of causation, hard to understand the stilling of all artificial forces, or the renunciation of all worldly ties, the extirpation of craving, passionlessness, peace and Nirvana.

n densest mists of ignorance befogged.

The world is undone, quite undone, inasmuch as the heart of the Truth-finder inclines to rest quiet and not to preach his Doctrine

While admitting to a hierarchy of gods these deities were seen as irrelevant and for this Jainism has been seen as atheistic.

doctrine that the world was created is ill-advised, and should be rejected.

you are face with an endless regression. If you declare that the raw material arose naturally you fall into another fallacy, for the whole universe might thus have been its own creator, and have risen equally naturally

Gautama was born a prince, destined to a life of luxury.

he came across the "four sights": an old crippled man, a diseased man, a decaying corpse, and finally an ascetic. Gautama realized then the harsh truth of life - that death, disease, age, and pain were inescapable, that the poor outnumbered the wealthy, and that even the pleasures of the rich eventually came to nothing.

young ascetic practiced extreme self-mortification for six years in the hopes of discovering Truth. It is said he ate little more than a single sesame seed or grain of rice each day. After these six years he determined to continue his quest in a new manner. He practiced a Middle Way between self-mortification and self- indulgence.

By practicing Buddha’s teachings we protect ourself from suffering and problems. All the problems we experience during daily life originate from ignorance, and the method for eliminating ignorance is to practice Dharma.

Tirthankara

prince

arefully avoided harming or annoying other living beings including animals, birds, and plant

saw, through his clairvoyant vision, that he had been passing through innumerable births.

He knew that the pleasures of this world were transitory and that they strengthened the letters of Karma.

resolved to give up everything worldly. He gave up attachment to his parents, friends and relatives.

The chief men and the elders of the city, to save their lives, came forth into my presence and embraced my feet, saying: "If it is thy pleasure, slay! If it is thy pleasure, let live! That which thy heart desireth, do!"

In the valor of my heart and with the fury of my weapons I stormed the city. All the rebels they seized and delivered them up.

which like the stars of heaven could not be counted, I carried off.

Chavín can just as easily be thought of as being in a location of relatively difficult access.

argued that this implies an eastern origin for the beliefs underlying the culture. What can be said with clarity is that the location of Chavín de Huántar would not have been natural home to the caiman (alligator), monkey, manioc plant, or many other representations in the art.

Early roles of leaders probably included organizing the relatively recently instituted agricultural food production, coordinating the increasingly large local living groups (villages, towns), coordinating aggression and defense, and serving as a religious leadership

At first it was thought that this broad distribution of similar art was evidence for a strong state-like political leadership, but little evidence has been found for the unified, beaurocratic, and military organization typical of evolved states.

transition from societies based on relatively egalitarian relations (in which people are fairly close to equal in status and power, and permanent leadership is rare), and states

The point of this web site is to introduce you to the site of Chavín de Huántar through virtual reality and a variety of photographs integrated within that experience, and help you ponder some of the big questions that archaeologists face with such data.