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Daryl Bambic

Animal Emotions: Exploring Passionate Natures | BioScience | Oxford Academic - 1 views

academic.oup.com/...233998

emotions animal

shared by Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21 - No Cached
  • because emotions have evolved in specific contexts.
  • Categorically denying emotions to animals because they cannot be studied directly does not constitute a reasonable argument against their existence.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      To deny that something is real without first investigating its existence is not good science.
  • Field research
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      meaning in nature and not in a lab
  • ...48 more annotations...
  • phenotypes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      This means a type of behaviour related to a species, like mating behaviour for example.
  • My goal is to convince skeptics that a combination of “hard” and “soft” interdisciplinary research is necessary to advance the study of animal emotions.
  • broadly defined as psychological phenomena that help in behavioral management and control
  • Likewise, no single theory of emotions captures the complexity of the phenomena called emotions
  • It is important to extend our research beyond the underlying physiological mechanisms that mask the richness of the emotional lives of many animals and learn more about how emotions serve them as they go about their daily activities
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ignore the previous sentence because this one explains it: the study of emotions needs to focus more on how they help us in life and less on the biology of them.
  • emotions are real and that they are extremely important,
  • René Descartes
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The philosopher who said, "I think therefore I am". He divided humans into mind/body.
  • B. F. Skinner
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Skinner was a pioneer in behaviour conditioning. He taught that emotions, because we can't measure them, are not important to understanding behaviour.
  • Why then are there competing views on the nature of animal emotions? In part, this is because some people view humans as unique animals, created in the image of God
  • researchers studying animal behavior came to realize that there was too little in studies of animal emotions and minds that was directly observable, measurable, and verifiable, and chose instead to concentrate on behavior because overt actions could be seen, measured objectively, and verified
  • Most researchers now believe that emotions are not simply the result of some bodily state that leads to an action
  • William James and Carl Lange
  • James and Lange argued that fear, for example, results from an awareness of the bodily changes (heart rate, temperature) that were stimulated by a fearful stimulus.
  • Walter Cannon's criticisms
  • there is a mental component that does not have to follow a bodily reaction
  • drugs producing bodily changes like those accompanying an emotional experience
  • do not produce the same type of conscious experience of fear
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      The textbook spoke of this.
  • Primary emotions, considered to be basic inborn emotions
  • Natural selection has resulted in innate reactions that are crucial to individual survival.
  • are wired into the evolutionary old limbic system (especially the amygdala), the “emotional” part of the brain
  • substrate
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Substitue 'circuit' for this word
  • . Each is connected to the other two but each also has its own capacities
  • current research (LeDoux 1996) indicates that all emotions are not necessarily packaged into a single system, and there may be more than one emotional system in the brain.
  • Secondary emotions are those that are experienced or felt, evaluated, and reflected on. Secondary emotions involve higher brain centers in the cerebral cortex.
  • ethologists
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      Ethology is the study of animal behaviour and mind
  • cognitive ethologists want to know what it is like to be another animal.
  • concerns how emotions and cognition are linked
  • A sense of self in the act of knowing is created,
  • various brain structures map both the organism and external objects
  • I am inclined merely to delete it [the mental realm] from biological explanation, because it is an entirely private phenomenon, and biology must deal with the publicly demonstrable.”
  • abanac postulated that the first mental event to emerge into consciousness was the ability of an individual to experience the sensations of pleasure and displeasure
  • Examples of animal emotions
  • Social play
  • Studies of the chemistry of play support the idea that play is enjoyable.
  • dopamine (and perhaps serotonin and norepinephrine)
  • rats enjoy being playfully tickled.
  • grief in geese
  • grief and depression in orphan elephants is a real phenomeno
  • It is unlikely that romantic love (or any emotion) first appeared in humans with no evolutionary precursors in animals
  • common brain systems and homologous chemicals underlying love that are shared among humans and animals
  • No one discipline will be able to answer all of the important questions that still need to be dealt with in the study of animal emotions
  • However, research that reduces and minimizes animal behavior and animal emotions to neural firings, muscle movements, and hormonal effects will not likely lead us significantly closer to an understanding of animal emotions.
  • All research involves leaps of faith from available data to the conclusions
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 22 Oct 21
       
      What do you think about this sentence?
  • studies of the behavior of captive animals
  • Field work also can be problematic. It can be too uncontrolled to allow for reliable conclusions to be drawn.
  • behavior is primary; neural systems subserve behavior
  • Emotions are an integral part of human life, so why not for other animals?
  • in many instances, differences in degree rather than differences in kind.
Daryl Bambic

Is Anybody in There? Searching for Consciousness in an Injured Brain | Wired Science | ... - 2 views

www.wired.com/...all

brain neuroscience consciousness

shared by Daryl Bambic on 13 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • eft to languish in nursing homes where no one bothers with physical therapy or even to check for glimmers of regained consciousness
  • many patients with no outward signs of awareness retain some degree of consciousness
  • In Wallis’ case, brain scans revealed evidence that his brain had rewired itself to some extent to compensate for the injury
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    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 13 Feb 13
       
      Brains re-wiring themselves is called brain plasticity.  
  • y rare, a 2009 study by Belgian researchers found that 41 percent of hospital and rehab patients with a vegetative state diagnosis were actually minimally conscious
  • ike a flickering light, and you’re going to miss it unless you systematically look for it,” Fins said.
  • n a few cases, this technology has enabled rudimentary communication with patients trapped inside an unresponsive body. In the future, some scientists believe, it may be possible to directly decode these patients’ thoughts.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 13 Feb 13
       
      For an explanation of how this decoding might work, go to the end of the article.
  • Getting these methods right is crucial, as pressure mounts to use them in medical decisions, including whether or not to terminate life support, and in the legal battles that sometimes ensue. There are a number of ongoing legal cases in Canada that involve vegetative or minimally conscious patients and end of life decisions, says Adrian Owen, a neuroscientist at the University of Western Ontario. “I’m absolutely sure fMRI is going to play a role in one or more of these cases in the next 12 months.”
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 13 Feb 13
       
      The role of technology in ethical decision making.
  • technology that created these disorders in the first place.
  • ut a badly damaged brain is not necessarily unconscious. The recent research tells us quite clearly that human consciousness is not binary. It can exist in degrees, fade in and out, even when the body is unresponsive.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 13 Feb 13
       
      Consciousness is not binary but a question of degrees.
  • wen also described a new way to assess mental function in unresponsive patients. It involves scanning someone’s brain as they watch an 8 minute clip of an Alfred Hitchcock film. When healthy people do this, various parts of the brain synchronize their activity at certain times in the clip. Owen argues that if brain injury patients exhibit similar patterns, it could be a telltale sign of residual cognitive function.
  • imple yes-no communication probably isn’t enough to allow patients to participate in decisions about their care.
  • Gallant’s lab has shown that it’s possible to reconstruct still images and video clips from the patterns of activity elicited in the brain of the person viewing them. If Gallant can see what your visual cortex is doing, he can tell you, more or less, what you’re looking at.
Daryl Bambic

Embracing stress is more important than reducing stress, Stanford psychologist says - 0 views

news.stanford.edu/...tress-embrace-mcgonigal-050715

stress psychology

shared by Daryl Bambic on 18 Feb 17 - No Cached
  • Psychologists have found that the ability to embrace stress requires a high tolerance for ambiguity and uncertainty. You have to be able to understand that two seemingly opposite things can be true at the same time.
  • People who had experienced the highest number of stressful life events in the past were most likely to consider their lives meaningful.
  • basic biology of the stress response
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  • Stress leaves an imprint on your brain that prepares you to handle similar stress the next time you encounter it.
  • stress inoculation
  • Going through the experience gives your brain and body a stress vaccine.
  • how you think about stress matters is because it changes how you respond to stress.
Julian Posteraro

Addiction Studies Program - 0 views

addictionstudies.org/...stories-west-brainchem.html

shared by Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12 - No Cached
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      Excellent example of the consequences and effects of drugs during our adolescence. This will capture the attention of my peers who are listening to me because this situation happened at the same age as us. 
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      A little about the Doctor: Rochelle Schwartz-Bloom, Ph.D, Professor of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Professor of Biological Psychiatry Director, Undergraduate Studies in Pharmacology Director, RISE (Raising Interest in Science Education) Director, Duke Center for Science Education Duke University Medical Center 
    • Julian Posteraro
      Julian Posteraro on 12 Mar 12
       
      Many people sometimes ask why people like drugs. Why do they like the feeling they give us? This is an excellent explanation of what goes on in the brain that we like after the consumption of a certain drug. 
Jordyn Shell

Brain Difference In Psychopaths Identified - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...090804090946.htm

shared by Jordyn Shell on 01 Mar 11 - Cached
    • Catherine Delisle
      Catherine Delisle on 01 Mar 11
       
      This website is very interesting because it explains that their is an architectural difference in the brain of a psychopath compared to a healthy brain. The areas that are different are the amygdala, which is associated with emotions, fear and agression, and the oribitofrontal cortex (OFC), which is responsible for the decision making. There is white matter that connects the amygdala and the OFC, which is called uncinate fasciculus (UF). They found a significant reduction in the integrity of the small particles that compose the UF of psychopaths compared to control groups of people with the same age and IQ. The degree of abnormality was significantly related to the degree of psychopathy.
  • esearch investigated the brain biology of psychopaths with convictions that included attempted murder, manslaughter, multiple rape with strangulation and false imprisonment.
  • Health & Medicine Brain Tumor Psychology Research Medical Imaging Mind & Brain Brain Injury Neuroscience Intelligence Reference Antisocial personality disorder Functional neuroimaging Personality disorder Psychopathology The r
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  • significance of these findings cannot be underestimated
  • the biological basis of psychopathy remains poorly understood
  • To date, nobody has investigated the 'connectivity' between the specific brain regions implicated in psychopathy.
  • Earlier studies had suggested that dysfunction of specific brain regions might underpin psychopathy
  • amygdale
  • the degree of abnormality was significantly related to the degree of psychopathy. These results suggest that psychopaths have biological differences in the brain which may help to explain their offending behaviours.
  • Jordyn Shell on 29 Feb 12
     
    ScienceDaily is one of the most popular scientific news web sites since 1995. As of 1995, ScienceDaily has won the loyalty of the public (i.e. students, researchers, health care professionals, government agencies, educators and the general public). If all those members of our society can trust this website that has won multiple awards, so can I. I am a part of the 3 million monthly viewers that trust this website that proves to be very credible. I also found this website using www.sweetsearch.com which the student of Mrs. Bambic's psychology class of 2012 have been told is credible and used by many professionals around the world.
Daryl Bambic

11.4 Two Fundamental Human Motivations: Eating and Mating | Introduction to Psychology ... - 1 views

opentextbc.ca/...-motivations-eating-and-mating

shared by Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22 - No Cached
  • orexin, ghrelin, and leptin
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is the key idea behind the KETO diet; eat very little sugar and carbs so the insulin levels drop and the body burns fat for energy.
  • interaction of the various systems that determine hunger creates a balance or homeostasis in which we eat when we are hungry and stop eating when we feel full.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      Remember this is the DRIVE REDUCTION theory.
  • Western societies are based on a very thin body ideal,
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      Meanwhile, in most African countries, women with larger bodies are desired and the thinner ones are seen as unhealthy.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Obesity is a leading cause of death worldwide.
  • Exercise increases cardiovascular capacity, lowers blood pressure, and helps improve diabetes, joint flexibility, and muscle strength (American Heart Association, 1998). Exercise also slows the cognitive impairments that are associated with aging (Kramer, Erickson, & Colcombe, 2006).
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      The book does not mention the important benefits of exercise for the brain at all ages,not just as we age.
  • Between 3% and 4% of men are gay, and between 1% and 2% of women are lesbian
  • The Canadian Psychological Association issued a policy statement in February 1982 endorsing the principle that there be no discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation for (a) recruitment; (b) hiring; (c) salary; (d) promotion rate; (e) fringe benefits; or (f) assignment of duties. The American Psychiatric Association no longer considers homosexuality to be a mental illness, although it did so until 1973.
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is a good example of sociological influences on the diagnosis and understanding of mental illness. This 'mental illness' was ousted from the DSM in 1973. You can read more here: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4695779/
  • Areas of the hypothalamus are different in homosexual men, as well as in animals with homosexual tendencies
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      It's the hypothalamus again!
  • Among male identical twins, 52% of those with a gay brother also reported homosexuality, whereas the rate in fraternal twins was just 22%
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This is an important fact that supports the role of biology in homosexuality.
  • In sum, while less than half of Canadian teens report having intercourse before age 18,
    • Daryl Bambic
      Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
       
      This has changed - 55% of males and females have had sex by 18 yrs old. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/pressroom/nchs_press_releases/2017/201706_NSFG.htm
  • Healthy Lives
  • Daryl Bambic on 16 Feb 22
     
    "sex"
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