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anonymous

10 Reading Revolutions Before E-Books - Science and Tech - The Atlantic - 0 views

www.theatlantic.com/...62004

reading lecture histoire

shared by anonymous on 26 Aug 10 - Cached
  • As Ong notes, unlike writing or agriculture, the alphabet was only invented once - every single alphabet and abjad can trace itself back to the same Semitic roots.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 26 Aug 10
       
      discutable: les syllabaires sont-ils vraiment de nature si différente. ex. kana japonais.
  • 4. Now, the other major pre-Gutenberg "revolution" in the history of the book (and by now you may be getting the hint that not one of these revolutions were total coups that changed everything everywhere in an instant, leaving nothing of the old order behind) was in the shape, size, and design of the book itself. The shift from the rolled scroll to the folded codex as the dominant form of the book radically affected readers' conceptions not only of books, but of what kinds of reading were possible.
  • 5. The shift from scroll to codex was in turn enabled by a shift from papyrus to parchment and then paper
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 6. This is especially true for arguably the most important reading revolution -- the industrial revolution. Gigantic presses powered by steam (and later, electric power) could crank out books and newspapers and advertisements that strained the always-fickle paper supply. Eventually, papermakers were able to invent a variety of mechanical and chemical techniques engineer decent-quality paper out of pulped wood, a supply that (unlike cloth rags) appeared limitless.
  • 7 & 8. If those analogies made sense to you, it's because reading has transformed even further in the electronic age. Entire new families of audiovisual media, transmitted wirelessly or on discs, cylinders, reels, and cassettes, became more essential to culture even as text continued to proliferate exponentially. The development and expansion of computing, too, introduced a few powerful wrinkles, like the conversion of alphanumeric text to binary languages, text written to be "read" by computers rather than humans, and greatly increasing the amount of reading and writing we perform on screens.
  • 9. There are two other reading revolutions worth mentioning, broad tendencies even less fixed to a particular historical moment. Communications legend Harold Innis suggested that the history of culture itself was characterized by a balance between media that persisted in time - think stone inscriptions and heavy parchment books -- and those offering the greatest portability across space, like paper, radio, and television.
  • modernity, for good or ill, had tipped the balance toward the ephemeral-but-portable, what Engelsing would call extensive rather than intensive media.
  • 10. My favorite reading revolution, though, isn't very famous, even though it was conceived by the very famous media theorist Walter Benjamin. It's the shift from vertical to horizontal writing, and then back to vertical again. He lays it out in his 1928 book One-Way Street: If centuries ago [writing] began gradually to lie down, passing from the upright inscription to the manuscript resting on sloping desks before finally taking itself to bed in the printed book, it now begins just as slowly to rise again from the ground. The newspaper is read more in the vertical than in the horizontal plane, while film and advertisements force the printed word entirely into the dictatorial perpendicular.
  • other historians quickly found counterexamples of extensive premodern reading (Cicero and his letters) and intensive reading today
  • 1. The phrase "reading revolution" was probably coined by German historian Rolf Engelsing. He certainly made it popular. Engelsing was trying to describe something he saw in the 18th century: a shift from "intensive" reading and re-reading of very few texts to "extensive" reading of many, often only once
  • 2. Outside of scholarly circles, the top candidate is usually the better-known Print Revolution, usually associated with Johannes Gutenberg, who helped introduce movable type to Europe. Now, as Andrew Pettegree's new history The Book in the Renaissance shows, the early years of print were much messier than advertised: no one knew quite what to do with this technology, especially how to make money off of it.
  • In Elizabeth Eisenstein's account in The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe, print changed readers' expectations of texts, especially their universality and fidelity, since everyone everywhere was (in theory) reading an exact copy of an identical text. This assumption proved particularly instrumental in the subsequent Scientific Revolution. Benedict Anderson thought print helped readers of a common language in a highly fragmented Europe think of themselves as an "imagined community," crucial to forming the modern nation-state. Marshall McLuhan and Walter Ong thought print helped further reorient language from sound to vision, paving the way for our screen-fixated present. This is a reorientation that, as Ong argued extensively, begins with writing itself.
  • 3. There are many crucial developments in the very early history of writing, but for the sake of time/space (writing being the primary technology that allows us to think of these interchangeably), let's cut to the emergence of the alphabet. From bureaucratic cuneiform to monumental hieroglyphs, early writing systems were mostly divorced from speech. Scripts where symbols matched consonants or syllables allowed you to exchange symbols for sounds. An abjad, like Phoenician, Hebrew, or Arabic, was a script for merchants, not scribes. This took on an additional order of magnitude with the emergence of the first proper alphabet, Greek. The Greeks took the Phoenician letters and 1) added symbols for vowels; 2) completely abstracted the names and images of the letters from words in the language.
anonymous

UNESCO : la moitié des enfants roms d'Europe n'achèvent pas les études primaires - 0 views

www.un.org/...storyF.asp

Roms école

shared by anonymous on 28 Sep 10 - No Cached
  • Avec plus de 10 millions de membres, les Roms forment la première minorité ethnique en Europe. En dépit des efforts pour développer et améliorer leur accès à l'éducation, la moitié des enfants roms d'Europe n'achèvent pas les études primaires, selon un rapport qui sera examiné lors de la première Conférence mondiale sur l'éducation et la protection de la petite enfance (Moscou, 27-29 septembre).
Michel Roland-Guill

Reading in a Whole New Way | 40th Anniversary | Smithsonian Magazine - 3 views

www.printthis.clickability.com/pt/cpt?action=cpt&title=Reading+in+a+Whole+New+Way+|+40th+Anniversary+|+Smithsonian+Magazine&expire=&urlID=430056402&fb=Y&url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/specialsections/40th-anniversary/Reading-in-a-Whole-New-Way.h

lecture literacy Kelly

shared by Michel Roland-Guill on 31 Oct 10 - No Cached
  • the romance novel was invented in 1740
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      ?? Sur quoi se base-t-il?
  • But reading and writing, like all technologies, are dynamic.
  • In time, the power of authors birthed the idea of authority and bred a culture of expertise. Perfection was achieved “by the book.”
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • By 1910 three-quarters of the towns in America with more than 2,500 residents had a public library.
  • a people of the book.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Intéressant comme est ici condensé un imaginaire américain de la lettre. A remarquer que cet attachement au livre et à la chose écrite ne se double d'aucun intellectualisme, au contraire. La situation française est bien différentes et à plusieurs égards opposée. Au point qu'on peut se demander si la crise de la culture française ne s'explique pas, en partie et à ce niveau, par une contradiction entre ses éléments structurants et ceux de la culture américaine telle qu'elle est transmise par les médias de la culture populaire, cinéma et télévision au premier chef.
  • the Constitution, the Declaration of Independence and, indirectly, the Bible
  • This new platform is very visual, and it is gradually merging words with moving images
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Gros enjeu là, voir billet de F. Kaplan sur epub.
  • The amount of time people spend reading has almost tripled since 1980
  • But it is not book reading
  • It is screen reading
  • dog-ear
  • it seemed weird five centuries ago to see someone read silently
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      !!! (voir Gavrilov & Burnyeat)
  • a contemplative mind
  • utilitarian thinking
  • a reflex to do something
  • We review a movie while we watch it,
  • Screens provoke action instead of persuasion.
  • Propaganda is less effective in a world of screens, because while misinformation travels fast, corrections do, too.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Angélisme. Cf. article à retrouver: endogamie des échanges sur les blogues et les forums
  • Wikipedia
  • In books we find a revealed truth; on the screen we assemble our own truth from pieces
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Tradition vs. Individualisme.
  • On networked screens everything is linked to everything else.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Ici le coeur de la contradiction chez Kelly: la révolution numérique est appréhendée depuis le paradigme américain pré-révolution numérique qui oppose autorité et individualisme. Or la RN redistribue ici (peut-être plus qu'ailleurs) les cartes en contestant, en même temps que le rôle de l'autorité, l'individualisme libéral dont les historiens de la lecture ont montré qu'il s'est construit, depuis Augustin mais particulièrement à la Renaissance par le commerce singulier avec le livre.
  • the degree to which it is linked to the rest of the world.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Page Rank
  • the inner nature of things
  • informational layer
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Bande de Möbius.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      contradiction apparente: the inner nature = informationnal layer. cf. Derrida.
  • to “read” everything, not just text
  • Not to see our face, but our status
  • lifelogging
  • memory
  • America was founded on the written word.
  • Being able to read silently to yourself was considered an amazing talent. Writing was an even rarer skill. In 15th-century Europe only one in 20 adult males could write.
    • Michel Roland-Guill
      Michel Roland-Guill on 01 Nov 10
       
      Vision technicisée et progressiste des pratiques de l'écriture, où il est assez naturel de retrouver relayé le mythe de la rareté de la lecture silencieuse dans l'Antiquité. Je crois avoir lu quelque part, et même en plusieurs endroits, que la connaissance et la pratique au moins rudimentaire de l'écriture était très répandue dans l'antiquité classique (grecque et romaine) au rebours de ce que soutient Kelly ici. Mais il s'appuie vraisemblablement sur des études sérieuses valant pour le 15e s. et dans sa vision linéaire d'un progrès fondé sur la succession des innovations techniques cela implique qu'on ne savait généralement pas écrire dans l'antiquité.Il n'est pas difficile de deviner combien une vision aussi simpliste, aussi simplement orientée de l'évolution des pratiques de la lettre est aujourd'hui, au moment où il nous faut évaluer une révolution nouvelle de ces pratiques est sinon nuisible au moins handicapante.
  • Today some 4.5 billion digital screens illuminate our lives.
anonymous

L'Europe et ses Roms : entre fermeté et intégration - 1 views

www.lefigaro.fr/...tre-fermete-et-integration.php

Roms

shared by anonymous on 01 Mar 11 - No Cached
  • Le premier ministre François Fillon a estimé mardi que l'Union européenne devait harmoniser ses pratiques à l'égard de ses Roms. Lefigaro.fr a passé en revue les politiques conduites par certains de nos partenaires.
  • anonymous on 01 Mar 11
     
    Le Figaro: Dossier
anonymous

Le Figaro - International : Le pape évoque la douleur de l'extermination des ... - 0 views

www.lefigaro.fr/...e-l-extermination-des-roms.php

roms

shared by anonymous on 12 Jun 11 - No Cached
  • En recevant samedi au Vatican des roms, Benoit XVI a plaidé pour la place de cette communauté en Europe tout en rappelant le passé tragique des gens du voyage sous le nazisme.
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