By the end of the eighteenth century, vigorous exploration of the interiors of major continents was well underway. In North America, the eastern part of the continent was well known, and major portions west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and the French. South America had been explored by the Spanish, and much of Asia had been visited or described as well. The Australian interior remained a mystery, nor was anything known of the African interior. Of these, Africa was of far greater interest because of its animals, great lakes and rivers, natives, and jungle. It simply seemed more exotic, dangerous, and interesting than Australia. It was also more accessible, lying just a few thousand miles from Europe.
Mungo Park's African Adventures - Document - Gale eBooks - 1 views
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The interiors of the main continents had been vigorously explored by the end of the eighteenth century. The eastern half of North America was well known, and the Spanish and French had explored the most of the territory west of the Mississippi. The Spanish had explored South America and had visited or written about much of Asia. Both the Australian interior and the interior of Africa remained a mystery. Africa was the most fascinating of all due to its wildlife, large lakes and rivers, inhabitants, and jungle. Simply put, it appeared to be more exotic, perilous, and fascinating than Australia. Due to its proximity to Europe-just a few thousand miles-it was also more accessible.
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After Park's disappearance public and political interest in Africa began to increase. He had proved that Africa could be explored, showing that it was possible to journey through unknown territory to a major African river, with few supplies and little help—but that doing so was dangerous business. More than 15 years would pass before the next major expedition left for Africa. (This is surprising when you consider that Africa, is, after all, geographically closer to Europe than either of the Americas or Asia. Yet, trade was established with India and China, colonies were established in both North and South America, and a struggling colony was present in Australia before African exploration was well underway.) Hugh Clapperton, Dixon Denham, and Walter Oudney led a three-year expedition for the British government (1822-1825) through Saharan and sub-Saharan Africa—and returned to England to tell about it. They were followed by many others in subsequent decades, culminating in the epic journeys of David Livingstone (from 1852 until his death in 1873
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By the end of the eighteenth century, the innards of the major continents had undergone active exploration. The eastern part of North America was well known, while the majority of the area west of the Mississippi had been explored by the Spanish and French. The Spanish had traveled through most of Asia and had explored South America. The interiors of Australia and Africa both remained a mystery. Due to its wildlife, numerous lakes and rivers, residents, and jungle, Africa was the most fascinating of all the continents. In other words, it seemed more exotic, dangerous, and exciting than Australia. It was also easier to get to because of how close it was to Europe-just a few thousand kilometers away.
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Back in England, Park married, wrote a book, and became licensed in surgery. In 1805 he set out again on another expedition sponsored by the African Association, accompanied by nearly 40 men, trying again to map the course of the Niger. This time, after reaching the river, they built boats and sailed along it for over 1,000 miles (1,609 km), mapping its course as it flowed to the east and turned south. Disease, however, killed all but 11 of his expedition members, and the weakened party was never to reach the mouth of the Niger. They were killed in a battle with natives near the present city of Bussa in 1806.
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Park married, published a book, and obtained his surgical license back in England. With roughly 40 additional men, he headed out on another African Association-sponsored trip in 1805 in an effort to survey the Niger once more. This time, they arrived at the river, built boats, and sailed nearly 1,000 miles (1,609 km) down it while charting its course as it ran to the east before turning south. However, disease claimed the lives of all but 11 of his expedition's participants, and the weaker group was unable to make it to the Niger River's mouth. In 1806 they lost their lives in a conflict with locals close to the modern-day city of Bussa.
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History, Materialization, and Presentation of Slavery in Tanzania.pdf - 2 views
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This article explores the historical interpretation of slavery presented at several sites in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania.
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I argue that European colonization of Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania left material and ideological traces that structure how slavery is represented in the present day.
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In this account, we see most usefully the destination of those trafficked in the trade: the homelands of “Arab” traders. This destination contributes to a continuing lack of western historical knowledge about the East African slave trade.
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History of the Zulu War - 0 views
THE ZULUS. - ProQuest - 0 views
Scotland and geographical work - 2 views
The Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1... - 2 views
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The Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879 is an academic article that explores the factors that contributed to the rise of the Zulu Kingdom in southern Africa during the 19th century. The article focuses on the role of warfare, leadership, and state formation in shaping the Zulu Kingdom, with particular attention paid to the reigns of King Shaka and King Cetshwayo. The author argues that the Zulu Kingdom's success was due to a combination of military innovation, political centralization, and diplomatic savvy. Moreover, the article analyzes the tensions that emerged between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire, leading to the eventual defeat of the Zulu Kingdom in 1879. Overall, the article offers insights into the complex dynamics of state formation in southern Africa during the 19th century, and highlights the importance of military and political factors in shaping the region's history.
The Slave trade of East Africa. on JSTOR - 1 views
Britain and the suppression of slavery in Ethiopia - 0 views
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Slave-owning was a status symbol
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In Ethiopia, there was a good stigma attached to owning a slave. When someone owned one slave or more they would be well reputed and respected in the region which influenced the expansion of slavery and slave trade in Ethiopia.
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On the achievements of Scotsmen during the nineteenth century in the fields of geograph... - 3 views
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A major achievement and legacy of David Livingstone was that his account of the Nyangwe massacre caused public outcry in Britain and forced the government to act. In 1873 the Sultan of Zanzibar signed a treaty which abolished the East African slave trade.
The Location of Christian Missions in Africa.pdf - 1 views
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Tr HERE is perhaps no aspect of the African experience that has been analyzed with less objectivity than the Christian missionary effort." But Melville Herskovits' statement' hardly applies to the location of mission stations in Africa, knowledge of which is basic to more ambitiously conceived studies in Missionsgeographie.2 Mission stations are a widely dispersed, more or less permanent cultural feature of rural Africa. With their chapels, residences, dormitories, schools, dispensaries, gardens, utility buildings, water-supply systems, and good access roads they stand in great contrast with their immediate surroundings. In the confrontation of Europeans with African ways of life these stations have been for the missionaries a refuge, a symbol of achievement, and a home; for the Africans they have been strongholds of alien ways from religion to agriculture, an intrusion but also a promise of help, of learning, and of a better Many stations founded in the nineteenth century continue to have central functions in the twentieth, and the forces behind their location are therefore of interest to the historical geographer. This article presents a preliminary and condensed overview of the pioneer distribution of Christian missions on the African continent south of the Sahara.3 The missionary expansion of the nineteenth century as a part of the white man's penetration into Africa is treated under (1) its possible relation to population densities, (2) the role of relay points during the coastal phase and of overland routes, (3) some effects Melville J. Herskovits: The Human Factor in Changing Africa (New York, 1962), p. 204. 2 A plea for a sozialgeographische missiology has recently been made by Angelika Sievers: Die Christengruppen in Kerala (Indien): Ihr Lebensraum und das Problem der Christlichen Einheit, Zeitschr. fur Missionswissenschaft und Religionswissenschaft, Vol. 46, 1962, pp. 161-165. 3 Reference will be largely to recent nonmission publications, which are more accessible than most of the literature of mission societies. Of this it has been said: "Many of the articles are written for popular home consumption with a view to the promotion of interest and support for the missions... This does not mean deliberate misrepresentation of the facts, but the student of missions must learn how to read between the lines or else have access to other materials in order to get a complete picture" (Norman A. Horner: Cross and Crucifix in Mission [New York, 1965], p. 15). > DR. JOHNSON is professor of geography, and chairman of the department, at Macalester College, St. Paul, Minnesota. This content downloaded from 197.184.183.113 on Wed, 26 Apr 2023 16:48:36 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms CHRISTIAN MISSIONS IN AFRICA of the slave trade on mission location, and (4) the concept of mission fields. Four individual case studies are then presented, in which these general aspects should be recognizable. Initially, however, there must be some discussion of available maps. CARTOGRAPHY OF MISSIONS IN AFRICA During the "Great Century" the journals of most missionary societies reported on many parts of the world. Primitive communities in Australasia attracted them. In India, under the protection of the British regime, and in China, with its weakening political structure, missionaries faced intellectually demanding tasks among civilizations with great traditions. In Latin America, after three centuries of Catholic penetration, the expansion of Christianity declined under the impact of revolutions. In Africa south of the Sahara missionaries often preceded, and later joined, colonial penetration, conceiving themselves to be civilizing as well as evangelizing messengers from mission societies that also wanted to combat the slave traffic. Only some of the literature in which the societies reported about their work includes serviceable maps of a specific field.4 But for continental coverage in Africa two mission atlases are the most helpful tools.5 The Protestant "World Missionary Atlas" contains a directory of Protestant mission societies by national origin, statistical tables of missions by countries, and four plates of maps on Africa, on which places where "one or more Protestant missionaries" were reported to be residing in 1923 are underscored in red. However, the distribution of stations under one society, the direction of expansion, and the presence of several Protestant societies in the same place cannot be identified. The problems of mapping the missionary enterprise were fully recognized by one of the authors in another publicatio
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The text is discussing the challenges of mapping and documenting the work of missionaries in Africa during the "Great Century", when many missionary societies were active around the world. While many reports were published about their work in various countries, including the efforts to combat the slave trade in Africa, only some of this literature included useful maps to document their work. The author notes that two mission atlases are particularly helpful for understanding the overall coverage of Protestant mission societies in Africa, but they do not provide detailed information about the distribution of stations under one society or the direction of expansion. The challenges of mapping the missionary enterprise were previously recognized by one of the authors in another publication, indicating that this was an ongoing issue for scholars studying the history of mission work.
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