University of Johannesburg History 2A 2023

however, it was often only the slogans that entered general awareness, for example, those concerning the "lower" races or stages of development that, especially in relation to Africa, were pushed in the direction of the apes as a misunderstood echo of the discussion on the descent of man. Or else it was believed that the "childlike" African was to be discovered at the "level of barbarism", an imp

anity. Themes current at the time were the deflecting of misunderstandings that Darwin's work had given rise to as regards the relationships between apes and humans, the question of the differences between animal and human, and the prehistory of humanity generally. Peschel did not expressly defend merely the notion of the unity of the human race but also of its fundamental variability. He established as a conclusion that on the basis of a series

The German researchers in Angola and Africa did not remain untouched by these political and ideological currents in this period. They absorbed them even more strongly than other people in Germany, where parts of the world of economics and finance, as also the public, had long reacted to the colonial idea with reserv

I have watched with the keenest interest the growth of the Scottish Nyassa and Shire missions ever since their foundation, and have always hacl the liveliest interest in their progress.

I have little time left me to speak of either the people or of the work of the Scottish Established and Free Church and English Universities missions in the interior. That work is not, I think, even in Scotland, sufficiently well known. Your only means of gaining a knowledge of it is from mission records, written by the workers themselves, and yon may be quite sure, from the class of men you have sent there, that those records are simply the barest statements which duty and instluctions compel them to send you.

Whether ITS PEOI'Lg, RWHES, AND llEV:J<:LOI'liU:N'l'. 351 across the Fish, across the Kei, or across the Vaal; whether in the absorption of Griqualand West, and the Diamond country, or in the latest move -the extension of our protectorate over a country extending almost up to the Zambezi-British missionaries, traders, miners, and settlers have gone first, to be followed by our Government in no willing spirit, and only when the maintenance of law and order, or protection to life and property, became an absolute necessity. The Lake and other interior settlements which we have glanced at are in truth but great central links that arc being forged, under almost every parallel, of a chain which even now stretches to the Zambezi from the south, and bids fair to form a continuous line of British power throughout tho whole length of Eastern Central Africa. And if we tum to tho coast, we find that British commerce has woven a web upon it that no competition can displace. It is not too much to say that three-fifths of tho trade of all East Africa is in the hands of British tmders. Every bay and inlet of tho coast is occupied hy them, and they command the trade at this day almost as effectually as when, a century and a ,half ago, the Portuguese Viceroy, the Conde d' Alvor, gave to the Banyan caste of India a monopoly of the East African . and Indian trade. Again, the coast is bound by our submarine telegraph cables; its mails are carried in British ships, under contract with the Portuguese Government; its commerce is carried in British bottoms, and at every important port upon tho Mozambique coast the landing and shipping are carried on by companies employing British capital.

THE RISE AND FALL OF THE ZULU KINGDOM3

On 22 Janua

invested significant energy in obtaining ivory from across the region, suggesting that it was an important commodity at the time.

vory was sold at a greater price then enslaved people, however traders made huge profits with each sale.

with one of my men, but in company also of a Zulu of his own. It appeared, however, that no trade could be accomplished in this individual's presence, as the Tongas would have been fined immediately for the possession of ivor

^vedly aiins at keeping the gcald produce of tIanica to himself. He refused me permission to visit the fields, and told me that ^X-hen his ivory was done, he intended to work then for his own benefit. He is afiaid of the Dutch of the Transvaal Republic, but not of the English, because he thinks that Cetywayo serves as an effectual shield betwee:ll them and himself. Ee is quite aware of the power of '; Inyanisi," as the Queen is called, but thinks she is too far away to do him any harm. There can be no doubt, however, that he is bv no means hinzself a powerful chief. His authority would already have crumbled away if the Portuguese had established a fortified camp in the neighbourhood of his kraal. As it is, the natives of (;aza hold the Portuguese in the utmost contempt, alld say that they keep near the sea in order that they zmay be able to run away easily. These people entirely understand the nleaning of the concentration of pow

I was detained by Umzila by false promis3es and 1mder varlous pretences for nearly two months. He then gave me eight tusks of ivory with permission to hunt in the lower district of Mazibbi, but would not allow me to go on towards the AIatschoban country. I accordillgly commenced my return t.o the Sabi on the Sth of December. On reachillg it upon the 15th I found the river almost impassable from Kood, but ulti:mately sueceeded in getting my donkeys across. On reaching my hut I found everything saSe, and now turned my attention to trade. Nothing, however, was brought to me for purchase, and no doubt the situation of my huts was unsuitable for the establishment of trafflc.

The destruction of the Zulu kingdom 1879 -1896