The major exploration of East Africa was accomplished over a roughly twenty-year period after 1856inaseries ofjourneys made byBurton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and some lesser figures
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gunsivory-461806.jpg (590×391) - 1 views
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This picture shows elephant tusks and guns, which were used during the ivory trade to attack elephants to almost extinction.
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The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 1 views
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After 1856, Burton, Speke, Livingstone, Baker, Cameron, Stanley, and a few lesser-known individuals made a series of expeditions that resulted in the major exploration of East Africa.
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"portent"
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A portent is something that indicates what is likely to happen in the future and it can also be defined as an omen of something momentous, which can be good but is more often negative
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they were waiting for Europeans to come and free them from the yoke of the slave trade. 4
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The Africans were waiting for the explorers to release them from the slavery yoke
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presumably
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it a word that is used to convey that what is asserted is very likely though not known for certain.
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One of the difficulties facing all those who have written on the subject is that of distinguishing between the traveler to exotic places and the scientificexplorer; naturally, the RGS insisted on its concern with the latter. 9 In practice the distinction was not and is not always easy to draw: most of the East African explorers' publications partook of the character of tourist travelogues aswellas scientific treatises. Nor was the society averse from taking financial and social advantage of the popular interest generated by the adventures and personal disputes of their explorer heroes
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Making the distinction between the scientific explorer and the exotic traveler is one of the challenges facing all authors who have written on the subject; consequently, the RGS insisted on its preoccupation with the latter.9The divide was not always clear in practice because the majority of the East African explorers' books had elements of both tourist travelogues and scientific treatises. The group was also not opposed to profiting financially and socially from the interest that was produced by the exploits and personal conflicts of their hero explorers.
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The technological advantage of superior firearms lay with the explorers but, except for some instances during Stanley's 1874-77 expedition, explorers were rarely in a position to deploy sufficient numbers of weapons to force their way through, even if they had been willing to try.29Paradoxically, therefore, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, '60s, and '70s derived little advantage from Europe's lead in technology
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The explorers possessed the technological edge of better weapons, but, with the exception of a few incidents during Stanley's 1874-1877 voyage, they were rarely able to use enough weapons to force their way through, even if they had been prepared to attempt.29So, paradoxically, the European explorers of East Africa in the 1850s, 1860s, and '70s gained little from Europe's technological superiority.
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widened.
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The limited support which the government gave to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa might also be seen as symptomatic even if foreign secretaries were wont to claim that they were simply encouraging geographical science. Whatever the state of the economy or of middle class opinion, the obvious conclusion to be drawn from the evidence is that even if the Foreign Office did arrange limited help for explorers and did give Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of the interior of East Africa, the government certainly did not want to become directly involved beyond the coast lands.
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After Livingstone's passing inEven while foreign secretaries were prone to insist that they were only promoting geographical knowledge, the government's meager assistance to the RGS and its explorers in East Africa could be considered as symptomatic. Regardless of the state of the economy or the opinions of the middle class, it is clear from the evidence that even though the Foreign Office did arrange some limited assistance for explorers and did grant Livingstone a roving consul's commission to the chiefs of interior East Africa, the government did not want to get directly involved outside of the coastal regions
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cynical
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Cynical implies having a sneering disbelifs in sincerity or integrity and cynical is about politicians motives.
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Following Livingstone's death in 1873, a great many of those Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been aroused by the explorers began to consider various kinds of direct intervention. From 1876, there were, for example, serious attempts to provide an infrastructure of communications. Meanwhile the missionaries were encouraged to produce useful Africans in "industrial" missions where carpentry would be as important as the Gospel. In short, very direct interference in the lives of Africans was planned. By 1876, in fact, what I would wish to call the "unofficial mind" of imperialism had been so conditioned by the explorers as far as East Africa was concerned that it was prepared through various agencies to undertake this sort of direct action. It is not surprising to find this same "unofficial mind" responding very readily to King Leopold's initiative in setting up an international association to regenerate Africa, an initiative which was itself a direct response to the reports of African explorers. 73 C. M. Andrew has written of an "unofficial mind" of imperialism
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Many of the Europeans whose interest in East Africa had been piqued by the explorers began to investigate various forms of active action after Livingstone's death in 1873. For instance, there were significant initiatives to establish a communications infrastructure starting in 1876. Missionaries were urged to raise suitable Africans for "indus-trial" missions where carpentry would be just as significant as the Gospel in the interim. In other words, it was designed to intrude extremely directly in Africans' lives. In fact, as far as East Africa was concerned, the explorers had already so conditioned imperialism's "unofficial mind" by 1876 that it was ready through a variety of means to engage in this type of direct action. The fact that the same "unofficial mind" is responding so strongly is not surprising.
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remar79.12.pdf - 1 views
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The White Man's view of the War
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guerilla tacti
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Guerilla tactics It is a term used to describe stealth based , hit and run tactics during a war. King Cetshwayo advised his men to use this strategy instead of confronting British forces on broad plains during the war.
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The Causes of the War
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The origins of the war are highlighted, and one of the authors pointed out that king Cetshwayo has never attacked Natal even on one historical data
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Aftermath of the War:
Origins of the Zulu Kingdom: The Historian: Vol 50, No 4 - 1 views
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Full article: From Guns and Steel to Germs: Malarial Detritus in New Sculptur... - 1 views
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The article first explores the role of waste from guns (what I term “war scrap”) and industrial steel (“modernity trash”), then turns to the significance of sculptures created with malaria-eradication infrastructure (what I term “malarial detritus”).
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This article shows how guns were re-used by making tools tat would be beneficial to people, such as farming equipment and sewing machines. it gives us a perspective that, will all the negativity surrounding guns and their history we can still turn that horrific idea into something positive that even the next generations will embrace and be proud of, it also enlightens us about the bright side to every dark side. this article teaches us that no matter how bad a situation looks, we always have a choice to turn things around and change them for the better.
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AK-47s and handguns
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These are the type of guns that were used during the Mozambique colonization by Portuguese.
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A 19th century climate chronology for the Kalahari region of central southern Africa de... - 1 views
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Southern Africans within the Kalahari region were also converted to Christianity
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Cetshwayo | Zulu king | Britannica - 1 views
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so spelled Cetewayo, (born c. 1826, near Eshowe, Zululand [now in South Africa]—died Feb. 8, 1884, Eshowe), last great king of the independent Zulus (reigned 1872–79), whose strong military leadership and political acumen restored the power and prestige of the Zulu nation, which had declined during the reign of his father, Mpande (Panda). As absolute ruler of a rigidly disciplined army of 40,000 men, Cetshwayo was considered a threat to British colonial interests; the Anglo-Zulu War (1879) and subsequent destruction of Zulu power
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Cetshwayo, al
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JSTOR Article: THE SLAVE TRADE AT ZANZIBAR AND THE ROLE OF KUTCHIS. - 0 views
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Slave labor was highly needed in Muslim families which need domestic labor including agricultural labor [wanting slave labor in cultivation of the land].
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They were however not compensated, they the forcefully overloaded with work under obnoxious conditions that they had to endure from being captured, sold and forced to carry out hard labor without their consent.
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Slavery was however yielding more that other commercial activity during that time hence it persisted for a very prolonged period of time.
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According to this article, slavery [slave trade] has been going for the longest time before the sultanate of Zanzibar tried to stop it in the 1890, however, did little to nothing to stop the continuation of slavery in the region. It may be discerned that in an attempt to prohibit the rapidly ongoing slavery, the U.S including other countries tried to expand their trade to primary materials then consequently restrict countries that trade slaves to quit.
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This source is also not shared correctly. It says "log in through your library". It appears you did not access the site through the UJ database, using your UJ details.
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A Stylometric Foray into the Anglo Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 1 views
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The stylometric foray into the Anglo-Zulu War refers to a study conducted by literary scholars to determine the authorship of a controversial historical document related to the war. The document in question is known as the Maclean-Bennett-Rubin Manuscript and contains a first-hand account of events leading up to the war and its aftermath. The authenticity of the manuscript has been questioned, with some scholars suggesting it may have been a forgery. The stylometric study involved comparing the writing style of the manuscript to that of its suspected authors, using computational techniques to analyze patterns in the text. The study found that the manuscript appeared to be written by a single person and that the style was consistent with that of William Rubinstein, one of the suspected authors. However, the study did not definitively prove the authorship of the manuscript and the debate over its authenticity continues
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Britain and the suppression of slavery in Ethiopia.pdf - 1 views
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Slave-owning was a status symbol.
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In Ethiopia there was a good stigma in owning a slave. When someone had one slave or more they would be respected and well reputed this may have been because slaves where used for labor so Ethiopians knew that if a person had more slaves there is a high possibility for them to be wealthy because the slaves would cultivate for them
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At this time they were generally referred to by the derogatory term Shankilla, meaning black, and were regarded as a virtual reservoir of slaves. 1
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A group of seventy captives - the men chained, the toddlers strapped on to mules - had walked through the very middle of his camp. A starving old woman, alone in a hut, said her six children had been carried off by raiders. A few survivors were eking out a living hiding in caves in the hillsides. The chief of Shoa Gimirra was selling off the local people as fast as possible -little boys for five Maria Theresa dollars and big ones for ten (about £1 sterling).
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This abstract narrates how slavery left Ethiopia devastated when Chief of Shoa Gimirra was overtrading Ethiopians to the slave trade. Many residents ended up running away from their homes and abandoned their villages to escape being traded and many had also been traded, this resulted to a large surplus of food and plants that had nobody to eat them because the population had drastically decreased as a result of slavery.
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Three survivors, living on roots and berries
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The people who ran away from their homes resided in camps where they were hiding and in those camps there was a scarcity of food while on their villages food was in abundance.
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4. Letter from Dr John Kirk (of the Livingstone Expedition), dated H.M. Ship Pioneer, R... - 1 views
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Dr Kirk was the first Westerner to arrive in East Africa, when he got there he familiarized himself with the community and would send out letters to his country to inform them of what the conditions were. the letters contributed to the slavery and slave trade of the natives in the area. After a while the Westerners thought that slavery and the slave trade were wrong so they decided to liberate the slaves with Dr Kirk's assistance as he opened a Christian school. He worked as a Christian missionary.
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The Zulu kingdom as a genocidal and post-genocidal society, c. 1810 to the present 1.pdf - 1 views
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genocidal
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Relating to genocide which is a systematic killing of substantial numbers of people based on their ethnicity, religion and or belief.
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genocidal society
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This highlights the fact the Zulu kingdom was a society that subjected its people, the commoners, to a systematic killing based on the opposite ideologies of those in ruling, which was the king and the kingdom.
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Violence perpetrated by Africans against other Africans.
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preponderance
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“character assassination,”
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for centuries white writers have used the image of the violent African to justify racism, slavery, and colonialism.
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This links with Blyden's analysis of the Idea of Africa and how the white project their opinions of the continent, and they ended up justifying these institutions like colonialism, racism and the likes.
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chiefdom
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Shaka,
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1828,
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Shaka was assisinated on this year. His half-brother took over the reigns the same year
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He struck a deal with the Boers: the Boers would help Mpande take over the Zulu throne from Dingane, and in exchange Mpande would cede to the Boers all Zulu territory south of the Thuke
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half of the kingdom’s total area.
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Shaka and Dingane tended to be portrayed as unusually violent.
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what did shaka and his brother do that made them seem unusually violent? Shaka prohibited the wearing of sandals, toughened his warriors feet by making them run barefoot over rough thorny ground. Shaka centralized power in the person of the king and the court, collected tribute from regional chiefs, and placed regiments throughout his state to ensure compliance with his orders
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The chiefs who ruled Zululand before Shaka
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Other informants painted a similar picture: war was limited in every sense. It was a last resort, an option taken up only when peaceful means of conflict mediation had been exhausted. The causes were always specific and limited. Even combatants rarely died,
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Dingiswayo later helped Shaka gain the Zulu chiefship. When Dingiswayo died, Shaka began to invade his neighbors, including Dingiswayo’s own Mthethwa and the Langa, or Langeni, another chiefdom that had served as a home for Shaka and his mother during their years of exile.
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On the death of Shaka's father.Dingiswayo lent his young protege the military necessary to oust and assainate his senior brother and make himself chieftain of the Zulu. The death of Dingiswayo led to shaka invading other neighbouring tribes including DIngiswayo's tribe
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Shaka acted in a similar way against the Mthethwa themselves because some of them had treated him badly
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here we see Shaka abuse his power as he seeks out revenge against the people that have wronged him in his past
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Shaka would call for the extermination of the subjects of many other chiefdoms. If genocide is defined as a state-mandated effort to annihilate whole peoples, then Shaka’s actions in this regard must certainly qualify.
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Shaka had to rely on such genocidal policies to maintain his authority because he lacked legitimacy in the eyes of many of his subjects.
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Like any other government, Shaka’s rewarded those who submitted to him and punished those who did not.
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But however much Shaka was willing to reward and indulge those who obeyed him, he became increasingly severe against those he perceived as a threat. When members of the Thembu chiefdom defied him, he not only moved against the Thembu men, but the women and children as well:
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Shaka's Supremacy By then, Shaka had no major rival in the area of the present day KZN. during his reign, his regiments continuosly went to campaign, steadily extending their assaults further afield as the areas near at hand were stripped of their cattle.If a chiefdom resisted, it was conquered and either destroyed or like the thembu and chunu driven off as landless refugees. When chiefdom submitted he left local administration in the hands of the reigning chief or another memeber of the traditional ruling family appointed by himself
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Dingane soon became as arbitrary as Shaka, for example by waging total war against the Amabaso because they had complained to Dingane about the chief he had appointed to rule over them.
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arbitrary=based on random choice or personal whim, rather than any reason or system We see how the Zulu Kingdom and not just Shaka was a genocidal society, we see how they fight and kill each other
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Imperial Overconfidence: The Anglo-Zulu War - History Guild - 1 views
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In 1879 the british fought a war against the Zulu Kingdom. The anglo war started a s a result of the zulu refusing to submit to british authority. The Zulus had a vast disadvantage in weapons technology, as depicted in the image the British had guns and the Zulus made use of spears and shields.
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Zulu Kingdom - New World Encyclopedia - 0 views
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what was the Anglo Zulu War? Anglo-Zulu War, also known as Zulu War, decisive six-month war in 1879 in Southern Africa, resulting in British victory over the Zulus
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Anglo-Zulu War,
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ih 1879 the british fought a war against the Zulu kingdom. The kingdom resisted bravely and were only defeated after a series of particularly blood y battles that have gone down in the annals of colonial warfare
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annexing
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The Zulus had originally trekked or migrated to Southern Africa as part of the wider Bantu expansion and their Kingdom can be considered as one of many Bantu Empires, kingdoms and political entities that included the civilization of Great Zimbabwe
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The legacy of the Zulus is one of pride in a highly organized people who were able, at least initially, to resist the Scramble for Africa
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Mostt Zulus entered the battle armed only with shields and spears. However they still proved formiddable opponents
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haka Zulu was the illegitimate son of Senzangakona, chief of the Zulus.
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Shaka Zulu was the king of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828. one of the most influential monarchs of the Zulu
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Prince Dingaan - 0 views
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This is an image of Prince Dingaan, the man who assassinated his brother, Shaka Zulu, in order to prevent the Zulu tribe from being destroyed as Shaka's mental illness posed as a threat to the Zulu tribe.
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