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Slavery ; supplementary report - Document - Slavery and Anti-Slavery: A Transnational A... - 1 views
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The last paragraph on page 28 emphasized that the slave trade and slavery were indeed legal practices in Ethiopia that were approved by the Ethiopian government along with other parts of Africa. It further elaborates on Ethiopia's involvement in the slave trade on page 29 where we are informed that Ethiopia was the supplier of the slave market in Arabia and other parts of the world. On page 29 it is stated that the number of taxpayers decreased which resulted in an increased number of enslaved people because when people could not pay taxes they had to trade a child for enslavement. Page 29 confirmed that the Ethiopian government denied the allegations of Ethiopia participating in the slave trade or any form of slavery.
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January 11, 1877 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views
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The emphasis of the texts is on how Christians began to modify their attitudes about persons of all races and ethnicities. In particular, page 14 describes how European missionaries treated all the freed slaves who were returning to their homes. This behavior impressed the Nigger king and other tribes, and it was evident that they were the most effective at spreading Christianity. To underscore what was just said, christian missions were created in the area at the same time as agreements were negotiated to abolish slavery and establish new legal trade with local rulers.
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Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-... - 2 views
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The Warfare, Political Leadership, and State Formation: The Case of the Zulu Kingdom, 1808-1879 is an academic article that explores the factors that contributed to the rise of the Zulu Kingdom in southern Africa during the 19th century. The article focuses on the role of warfare, leadership, and state formation in shaping the Zulu Kingdom, with particular attention paid to the reigns of King Shaka and King Cetshwayo. The author argues that the Zulu Kingdom's success was due to a combination of military innovation, political centralization, and diplomatic savvy. Moreover, the article analyzes the tensions that emerged between the Zulu Kingdom and the British Empire, leading to the eventual defeat of the Zulu Kingdom in 1879. Overall, the article offers insights into the complex dynamics of state formation in southern Africa during the 19th century, and highlights the importance of military and political factors in shaping the region's history.
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History Never Repeats? Imports, Impact and Control of Small Arms in Africa.pdf - 2 views
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Between the 15th and 19th centuries the transatlantic slave trade pulled Africa into a global military and economic context, mainly through the imports of European firearms to Africa in exchange for slaves.
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the batter trade happened for over 5 centuries whereby European countries would supply African chiefdoms with all the guns that were in demand in exchange of slaves that would be of cheap labor on their sugar and cotton plantations
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trade which involved Britain, Portugal, France, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Denmark and the USA
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countries that participated strongly on slave trade and in return provided ammunitions to nations in the name of protection and defence
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West African states, from Angola to Senegal, on the other hand, accounted for the forced trade estimated at 12 million or more African
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These were the African countries that were forced using guns to participate in selling their own to the trans Saharan trade
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Firearms and gunpowder had originated in China and spread throughout Eurasia before reaching Africa.
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Some evidence exists that Portuguese and Dutch traders brought firearms to coastal West Africa in the 15th to 17th centuries,
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the guns were also brought by the Portuguese and Dutch traders in the coastals
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The differences in the development of missile weapons in Africa and Europe have largely been explained through the differences in military environments
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The differences ofmanufacturing of guns between the two continents was very noticeable and was really big
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the use of cavalry and armour in Europe but not in Africa is thought to have been an important factor. In much of Africa, the penetrating power of missile weapons was less important than, for example, accuracy. 8
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used in Africa by the Janissaries of the Ottoman army during the 16th century, and later found their way into West Africa across the Sahara from North Africa towards the end of that century. 4 A
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the first group to use guns in Africa were the Janissaries before the usage spread to other parts of the continent
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1661–63 the British Royal African Company alone shipped 4,038 firearms to the West African c
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supplied closed to 100,000 firearms and other small arms to the West African coastal region. 12
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The widespread trade in small arms, and their importance in many societies, led to the development of domestic maintenance of firearms. As a result of the large number of firearms for private use, many societies developed small-scale firearms repair and service industries made up by blacksmiths and gunsmith
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due to the falling prices on firearms in relation to the prices on slaves, African firearms imports increased very sharply in the 18th century.
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fricans received two guns for every slave; in 1718 they received between 24 and 32 guns for every slave
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the growth of the trade over the years and funny how chiefdoms sold their people just to have guns in their possession . they didnt realize consequences such as population depletion and that if war came no one would be there to fight
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at the turn at the 19th century Africa’s interaction with Europe was dominated by the slave trade. This was the principle means of exchange whereby European imports and technologies entered Africa and firearms constituted a large proportion of these imports.
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the African chiefdoms had a relationship built on the batter trade of slaves and guns
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Scholars have debated what kind of impact, or to what extent, firearms imports affected Africa during the slave trade centuries. The demographic impact of the slave trade was undisputedly substantial, even though determining the exact scope has been subjected to great debates. 22 In 1750, Africa had 6–11 per cent of the world’s population. By 1900 it had fallen to 5–7 per cent. 23 Besides the large demographic impact, the trade for slaves had a more socially disruptive impact than the trade for the same value of commodities, as slaves were more likely to be acquired by force or theft
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This trade was very detrimental to the population of Africa as it declined a lot as long as Africans were being taken to be slaves
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Firearms were easily deployed in the new structures – they required little skills to use compared to other missile weapons, which facilitated quick training of a central army. 26
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Were put in use as they were more effective and not much training was needed
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firearms supplied by Portuguese and Arab-Swahili traffickers in exchange for slaves and ivory were central to the state of Lumpungu (in today’s Democratic Republic of Congo) in conquering surrounding chiefdoms and create a centralized state structure, in the third quarter of the 19th century. 32
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Guns were of great importance to the state as they were used to conquer other weak chiefdoms nearby
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The coming of firearms [in the mid-19th century] plunged Central Africa into a cycle of unprecedented violence, causing a large amount of victims, but also causing some to flee their territory’. 3
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guns didnt benefit the nations always as they caused a lot of chaos and there were many civilian casualities
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given the firearms role in the production of slaves and ivory. 35 Guns were instrumental in slave raids and in the hunting of elephants at a large scale. Ivory was used to buy both slaves and weapons, and was used for tributes to foreign traders to create partnerships and alliances. The ivory trade ‘consolidated the economic and military power of those who had access to guns – or who worked in alliance with those with gun
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Some of the advantages of guns relate to ivory trade and slave trade that made many kingdoms really powerful
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Most weapons imported at that time were handguns, typically smoothbore, muzzleloading, flintlock muskets. 1
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the type of guns that were imported to Africa in large quantities and actually had a large impact, all these for the need of cheap labour
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A few military historians have argued that the weapons imported during the slave trade were not suitable for military use, including slave raiding. 46 Rather, it has been argued that, the weapons were used for non-military means, such as guarding crops.
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The guns attained from European traders were used for non-military activities such as agriculure. this includes hunting and guarding crops
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Firearms became a symbol of wealth and prestige in the Songye village society. 47
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During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, firearms spread deeper into the lands behind the coast. This gradual dispersion of guns coincided with the rise and consolidation of expansionist states like Akwamu, Denkyira, Asante and Dahomey, whose military prowess was based on the firearm ... . The bulk of the firearms taken into Asante and Dahomey was not carried further afield, because both states imposed restrictions on the distribution of guns in the lands to their north. 52
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Officially, the Portuguese were forbidden to sell firearms to non-Christians, ostensibly on politico-religious grounds, but more credibly because, during the fifteenth, sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, Portugal was largely dependent on Flemish and German gunsmiths for its supply of firearms. 56
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Firearms were well spread in East Africa in the second half of the 19th centu
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According to primary data, Italy and France made very large profits from supplying weapons to different Ethiopian kingdoms through their protectorates
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Africa buying guns drastically boosted the economies of both Italy and France
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By the early 1880s, almost all soldiers in Ethiopia carried firearms. 75 The literature illustrates how large-scale small arms imports were made available through international trade and alliances between foreign representatives and national and regional rulers. Merchants and transit points were also evident phenomenon of small arms trade at the time.
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Countries like Ethiopia demanded guns in large quantities and had an equipped army of soldiers that could use guns effectively
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The Historical Role of British Explorers in East Africa.pdf - 1 views
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Even
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Roy Bridges writes about the impact that British explorers might have had in Africa , especially East Africa , he says although the impact might have been minimal , it impacted Africa culturally and economically
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while it has also become clear that the immediate impact of the explorers on African societies was often minimal, there is a case for arguing that explorers were beginning to condition Africans culturally and intellectually, if not necessarily politically and economically, for a European
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19th-century-engraving-of-a-scene-in-africa-with-people-with-guns-EFM2HK - 1 views
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This image depicts some of the events that took place during the "Gun War" that occurred during 1880-81. This was the war whereby the the Sotho also known as the Basotho people of the Basutoland threw off the rule of the Cape Colony. This war ended in victory of the Basotho nation. This war represents an example of an African nation's military victory against a colonial power whereby the Basotho were able to retain their guns.I The Basotho obtained horses and guns of their own and began stockpiling on gunpowder .They had accumulated more guns than any chieftain in the Southern Africa, however the guns were outdated flintlocks which had flooded the market after the introduction of percussion lock muskets.The ensuing military stalemate and the high cost of conducting the war in made it increasingly unpopular among Cape politicians. On 29 April 1881, High Commissioner for Southern Africa, Sir Hercules Robinson announced the peaceful settlement of the conflict.
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Africa IOR/L/MIL/17/17/53/5 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views
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Just as the Spanish civil war provided a testing ground for German and Italian equipment before the war, so did the South African war provided a similar opportunity for the proving of french and german artillery with which the boers were equipped. These guns were superior to those being used at the time by the british army. Guns were adapted at the battlefield. Guns were usually deployed individually. This was the typical Boer fashion. There was little co-ordination between guns and this made concentration of fire on specific targets very nearly impossible. The cover was used skilfully and the Boers made the most of the superior range (in most instances) of their guns. They would hold their fire until the enemy had been lured into an ambush . Their guns did not normally require an escort, as they would be withdrawn if the enemy got too close. The Boers were reluctant to risk their guns in the open as they were being outnumbered with a ratio of 4:1 by the British army so this was understandable. some of the guns that were used as mentioned by the source include Krupp guns, Creusot , and the maxim automatic machine gun. in a remarkable display of ingenuity guns provided with makeshift field carriages and were dispatched to the battle-front.
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Firearms in Africa: An Introduction.pdf - 1 views
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THAT
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not be denied, but the nature of that impact is more questionable. There has been little research on the subject and no way in which to assess assertions about the influence of guns on any particular period or area.
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Firearms have had an important influence on the course of Africa's history is beyond doubt however there has been little consensus on the the issue beyond basic acknowledgement
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firearms have had an impact on African histo
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the use of guns was very significant in Africa, being items of trade.
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'Guns and firearms in the Ottoman Empire', and it became apparent that firearms were of little use without appropriate tactic
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First, the impact of firearms in African warfare was not as decisive as had been expected. Perhaps the expectation itself was the product of some unhistorical ideology. The collection and lore of firearms have attracted impartial scholars and enthusiasts, but they have also attracted devotees who regard firearms as symbols of industrial or social or other prowess.
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The impact of guns is that they radically changed the strategies and tactics used by the armies in African countries.Having a gun in the olden days meant that people would respect you as guns symbolized having power and influence in the community. The arrival of guns assisted the expansion of hunting of both animals and men and made warfare more murderous
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t is impossible for those with firearms to lose battles to those without firearms, and to some it is impossible for those who have not developed or made firearms to maintain or use them properly
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it was believed that if an army had guns they would be able to defeat another which is funny as the other could defeat them with indigenous tactics and traditional weapons such as spears and being on horseback
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or abuse of firearms in Af
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A second tentative conclusion is that firearms in war had an initial success but rapidly declined in significance. This might be through the enemy acquiring equivalent weapons, or evolving tactics to cope with them, or through the original weapons deteriorating or being deprived of ammunition.
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Gunpowder was more widely made in Africa, though most observers note that the quality obtained was poor.
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From the 17th centuary onward, guns reached the hinterlands of central Africa trading ports and many traders such as the Akan traders bought muskets and gunpowder far in land. The Adal empire developed gunpowder during the Adal-Abyssinian War.
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African states did have standing armies, but even some of these must have found it expensive to provide musketry practice
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it was not cheap to train armies as it required at lot of expenses that many countries found it very expensive
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. From I650 to I700 one should expect Africa to receive a flood of new trade flintlocks, together with old matchlocks released by European armies.
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same problem existed in Europe from the age of the long-bow; bowmen were first drawn from hunters and foresters, and archery was then encouraged as a sport
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This is really suprising that a country like Europe could also not afford to train armies. This country is very powerful so one would expect it to afford to adequately train its people
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As for Africa, we find some references to firearms used in hunting, though this is mainly in southern Africa
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In the Southern part it seems like guns were not actually used for war only but hunting was an important activity that guns played a role in.
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The African trade musket, while produced in greater quantities than every other type, or almost every other type, of firearm,
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It is really suprising that a continent that is viewed as being poor was able to supress the other strong continents in producing and manufacturing guns
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'female' guns were made in Birmingham and were valuable only for buying female slave
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e vast majority of Birmingham guns went to Africa; in I864 it cannot have been more than half, since only II9,503 oUt of 221,726 barrels produced were of 'plain iron' such as might be found in trade gun
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African muskets were priced in Birmingham at gs. in I845, 7s. 6d. in i850, ios. 6d. in I855, and 6s. gd. in i865.41 In I907 the cost of an African barrel was zs. 3d. in Birmingham, and of the whole gun 6s. gd.
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The prices that were set for the muskets produced in Africa, changing with the years
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Guns shipped to South or East Africa were of higher value. In I900 exports of this unidentified gun to West Africa were 8,803, and to East Africa a mere 352, with Cape Colony taking 566, and Natal I,294. In 1905 all figures were half as high again, save for the Cape which stood at 3,989.43
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The statistics shows how much guns were in demand in Africa and which parts received more guns. In the Cape one can speculate that it was for colonial reasons and forceful taking of livestock and land
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Effective use of firearms by Africans in war often depended on muskets being used primarily for hunting and crop protection. Availability of firearms may well have made agriculture possible in areas otherwise overrun with game. For these purposes, military arms would be less suitable than the African muskets
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guns were of a significance as they made agriculture (through hunting ) possible for most parts of Africa
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Availability of firearms may well have made agriculture possibl
Carl Peters and German Imperialism, 1856-1918: A Political Biography: Perras, Ame: Oxfo... - 1 views
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Missionary Settlements - South Africa 1800-1875 - 1 views
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illustration of Christian missionaries and the native children of the Cape
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Elephants are the latest conflict resource | Africa Renewal - 1 views
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An average of about 45 elephants per day were illegally killed in 2011 in every two of five protected sites holding elephant populations in Africa, thanks to the growing illegal trade in ivory, which continues to threaten the survival of elephants on the continent. A joint report by four international conservation organizations says that 17,000 elephants were killed in 2011 alone and the amount of ivory seized has tripled over the last decade.
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the trade in ivory has not ended although it was banned and declared illegal to kill an elephant. Thousands of elephants have been found dead which is a threat to their existence. if the killing does not stop,in a decade or century to come they will be extint
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Rev. Alexander Hetherwick, Blantyre Mission, Malawi, ca.1926 - Calisphere - 2 views
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Portrait of Rev. Hetherwick (1860-1939). A graduate of Aberdeen University, Hetherwick founded the Domasi Mission, situated near Mount Zomba, in 1884
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the leader of the Blantyre Mission
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THE ZULU WAR on JSTOR - 1 views
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This journal entry describes the Zulu War from the British government's point of view. It describes how the Zulu people rebelled, which sparked the conflict, and how many Zulu men perished in the conflict as a result of the gallins guns the British army possessed.
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Missionary settlements 1800-1875 - 2 views
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THE ZULU WAR.pdf - 1 views
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HE ADVOCATE OF PEAC
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itain with the Zulus has reached a conclusion probably. The Zulus have been fightin
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The Zulus engaged in the Anglo-Zulu war to fight for their territory and self-government as they did not want the British colonies to take over
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he Government, and demanded also that a B
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This is one of the reasons that led to the war ,The British government wanted the British to have a seat in king Cetshwayo's court
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ies. Thousands of naked Zulus have been shot down by breech-loading repeat ing rifles and mu
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Thousands of Zulu men were killed and gunned by the British empire with advanced gallitin guns as Zulus went to war with primarily spears and shields
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a place at the Court of Cety wajTo. Everybody knows that a British resident at such a court means ordinarily a British dictator or a man who speedily furnishes the re
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Here, the British administration recommended that one of its citizens sit in the court of King Cetshwayo. This implied that if a single British defendant appeared in such a court, it would be to the Zulu's own detriment.
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4 scientifi
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Scientific fronter? A term used to denote a borderbetween British India and Afghanistan
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Africa IOR/L/MIL/17/17/2 - Document - Nineteenth Century Collections Online - 1 views
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