1879
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Imperial Strategy and the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879.pdf - 2 views
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On 22 January 1879, the British army suffered its worst colonial defeat of the nineteenth century when 1,500 men armed with the most modern weapons then available were wiped out at the battle of Isandlwana by a Zulu army––an impi––of 25,000 warriors armed only with spears.
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Before this mineral revolution, South Africa was too poor to tempt the British government into increasing its control there for economic reasons
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a small mission station named Rorke’s Drift made these events more remarkable still. Here, 120 men decided to stand and fight rather than flee the advancing impi that had just wiped out their comrades. At bayonet point, they fought a last-round defense against 4,000 Zulu
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eleven Victoria Crosses
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the British Empire provides an example of greedy capitalists dispossessing indigenous peoples in their search for new markets and raw materials
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Zululand, invaded by British forces in 1879, but left un-annexed until 1887
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economic motives drove imperial expansion in Africa in the last quarter of the nineteenth century
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remarkable
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What the British wanted was control of the route to India, and this meant control of the ports: Cape
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T own, Simonstown, and Durban
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By 1876, Britain was without doubt the strongest power in the region, but both the Zulus and the Boers were unwilling to recognize that and were determined to resist British influence.
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always on the lookout for ways to complicate Britain’s imperial problems. 8
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a British invasion of Zululand, the strategic control of the Cape route to India assumes greater significance
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article will argue that the roots of this war lay in the strategic importance of the Cape route to India and the particular strategic situation of the British Empire in 1879
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Lord Carnarvon’s concern with security that powered his controversial policy of confederation for South Africa, whereby the problems of defense among others would be solved by amalgamating the various states—Boer, African, and British—into one powerful British bastion on the Canadian mode
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he Cape may become to us a station of first-class value.” 11 It was essential therefore to make it “an imperial station for military and naval purposes.” 12
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The Cape feared it would end up paying for the Boers’ wars against indigenous Africans while the Boers distrusted any British proposals on principle.
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that confederation was primarily intended to bring South Africa into a state of defense
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None of the biographers of Frere, Carnarvon, nor Hicks-Beach referred to their role in setting up a Colonial Defense Committee long before the more famous Committee of Imperial Defense was established after the Boer War
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Political and Secret Committee on the Indian Council
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As well as being an “Indian” administrator of enormous talent, a zealous antislavery campaigner and humanitarian, Frere was one of the foremost defense thinkers of the day
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Sir Bartle Frere as High Commissioner
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Was high commissioner,and administrator in India and finally in South Africa.
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his successor as commander there, Lord Chelmsford.
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Constantinople fell to the Russians then their fleet would be able to interdict the Mediterranean route to Indi
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This was important for Britain because the city provided a land bridge between Europe and Asia.
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and singled out Frere for praise in his efforts to take the Cape defenses in hand
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This aspect of South African affairs has been entirely neglected in the historiography, which tends to look at Frere almost entirely through the prism of the Anglo–Zulu War of 1879.
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vital link in the imperial defense chain.
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onal situation. For Frere, however, making Cape Town secure was only part of the answer to external threats, and he argued that there were a number of opportunities for European powers to intervene in Southern Africa if they so wished.
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He annexed Walfisch Bay 34 and the mouth of the St. John’s River, 35 both potential sites for a port, and pressed for the annexation of all territories between the Cape Colony and Natal and for a “complete and exact survey” of all the coastline. 3
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Frere made strenuous efforts to construct local forces through the Peace Preservation Act of 1878, 40 including a revived Cape Mounted Rifles, which would go some way to alleviating the defenselessness of the Colony
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the beginning that imperial troops would be needed to defeat a major threat and applied for two regiments in July 1877. 41
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securing South Africa through confederation
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was he who wrote the plan for the defense of India,
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In reality, Frere reacted to events in places where he could have little actual day-to-day control. South Africa is a very big place, and communications were so appallingly bad that he was never able to impose his will on events within the frontiers as much as he wanted.
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Carnarvon had authorized Shepstone to annex the Transvaal if he felt the time was ripe, but neither he nor Frere expected him to act so soon and without prior consultation.
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Paul Kruger, set off for London and Europe to petition for the removal of British rule.
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The second Boer republic, the Orange Free State, rejected confederation the next month.
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He was also aware that the annexation would have repercussions for the relations of Britain with the Zulus, in that the British had now inherited Boer border quarrels with Cetshwayo, the Zulu King, who would no doubt look on this development as something of a diplomatic revolution. 48
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Although the Zulus had moved up Frere’s list of priorities, they still ranked far behind the construction of adequate naval defenses and the untangling of Shepstone’s Transvaal fiasco
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Frere had won a desperate bureaucratic struggle over the necessity to centralize control of the armed forces, both imperial and colonial, under his own command, the Natal telegraph told him that the Zulus had committed a series of border violations
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replace those weak polities based upon semi-independent clans and chiefdoms
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Frere taught that the Capes security was dependent upon replacing the following:
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Cape strategic security was ever to be achieved.
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Cetshwayo’s acts as “indicative of an intention to bring about war .”
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Rather , he was a shrewd leader who unfortunately suffered from an overwhelming ignorance of the extent of British power .
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'Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place': Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879.pdf - 2 views
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lu king. The article concludes that these events resulted not from the actions of individuals but rather from the logic of European imperialism faced with the possibility of defeat by a black Afri
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the Zulu 'capital' of Ulundi. The
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ing acts of barbarism by the British.2 The initial
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the war came to be celebrated in Britain as an example of heroic warfare between well-matched warriors, a conflict given added excitement by the contrast between the (noble) savagery of the Zulus and the civilized discipline of the British. In popular histories, as well as in real-life adventure books for boys and in novels of imperial adventure, the war
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gh, in recent years, academic historians, many of them based at the University of Natal and writing in the Journal of Natal and Zulu History, have begun a critical reappraisal of the historical process of which the war was
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vast audience through the films Zulu and Zulu
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This perspective on events has, until recently, formed the basis of most interpretations of the war even in books which criticize the British commanders, the justice of the invasion or aspects of
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itish troops; of the massacres of wounded Zulus after the British victories at Rorke's Drift, Khambula, Gingin dlovu and Ulundi; and of the systematic burning of kraals and confis cation of cattle, the economic basis o
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emerged necessarily from the pathology of empire when confronted with the possibility of def
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The British trough their worry of possible defeat by a native people worried them ,and caused them to become inhuman and merciless.
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estroy their gardens'.26 The burning of kraals was matched by the systematic seizure of large numbers of Zulu
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Before the war started Sir Bartle Frere, the high-commissioner, insisted to the Zulus that the war was to be fought against their tyrant
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'.8 In this spirit Lord Chelmsford laid down guidelines for the conduct of the war, emphasizing to native regiments in particular that 'no prisoners, women or children were to be harmed in any way' and there i
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The events at the start of the war dramatically altered British percep tions and policies. The British launched their invasion on 11 January 1879. Within two weeks a British column was annihilated at the battle of Isandlwana. Over 850 white and several hundred black soldiers were killed and most of the dead were ritually cut open, the Zulu custom in war: Zulus did not take prison
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killing and, as the British saw it, mutilation of the dead, created a mood of revenge whi
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British waited for reinforcements to arrive, before they could launch a second invasion, the realization that the Zulus could not easily be tamed by a 'military promenade' rapidly produced alternative strategic proposals.
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ts. Beyond this, Ashe assured his readers that the British army respected the dwellings of the Zulu people and insisted that, with regard 'to the farming and domestic kraals, it may without fear of contradiction be asserted, after minute and careful enquiries, that no single instance can be adduced in which her Majesty's troops ever attacked or molested such unless first attacked and
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Thus, Norris-Newman wrote that 'the monotony of camp life was broken and varied by cavalry expeditions, in one of which ... under Major Barrow and Lord Gifford, the large military Kraal of Empang weni one of Cetshwayo's chief places, about fifteen miles away, was effectually destroyed, as well as all the kraals f
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Zulus were represented as barely human.1 In opposition to this v
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ore anxious will they be to see it brought to an end.'32 The result of this systematic strategy of the burning of homes, the seizure of cattle in areas which the Zulus had not evacuated and of the destruction of the economic foundations of Zululand was to reduce society to the brink of starvation in many areas, a feature recorded in various accounts of the aftermath o
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d said, "The English soldiers have eaten us up. I have lost my cattle, I have no mealies, I and my people are starving.
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II It was a strategy increasingly backed up as the war progressed by the slaughter of those trying to surrender and of the wounded. T
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British heroic represen
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Even after this there was still heroic representations of Britain. INCREDIBLE!
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were the actions of black levies but letters written at the time give a different impression: 'We have much to avenge and please God we will do it. I pity the Zulus that fall into our hands. You would feel as I do if you had seen the awful scenes I did on the night of 22nd
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Hamilton-Browne's hearty tone and his use of the language of the grouse moor belies even his perfunctory regrets over the killing of the wounded. While it is true that Hamilton-Browne does not mention the involvement of any imperial officers in the sla
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ver, that such defences are misconceived in the context of many incidents in 1879. Captain Hallam Parr, who was on Lord Chelmsford's staff, vehemently denied that British officers could be involved in su
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Hallam Parr was wrong about the aftermath of Rorke's Drift; but the behaviour of some British soldiers after that incident was to seem restrained compared to the massacres carried out later in
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the British killed about 800 of t
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en Zulu Army was chased like a floc
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The comparison, highlights my point that the Zulus were not treated as human. They only wanted to exploit Africa and its resources.
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How did gender shape the experiences of slavery? - YouTube - 0 views
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This video gave me the notion that slaved women were crucial especially to slave masters because slavery was hereditary, standing to gain offspring of slaves which would contribute to their wealth. Women were responsible for farming, they fed the families and took care of the young. They were sexually exploited and abused, sold for sexual purposes therefore were very valuable within the slave trade.
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King Charles backs probe into UK monarchy's slavery links | Life - 0 views
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News24 article linking King James II as the biggest investor in the Royal African Company gave the biggest head start to the horrific Transatlantic slave trade. Outlines the royal family issues with accusations of racism toward princess Megan
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The Anglo Zulu War and its Aftermath.pdf - 2 views
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the Zulu monarchy was suppressed and Zululand divided into autonomous areas. The king's possessions were seized and was sent to exile in cape town and later in London.
The Anglo-Zulu War and its Aftermath - 1 views
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The Present Horrors and Extent of the African Slave Trade. - 3 views
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J. Fletcher. (1838) gives gruesome descriptions of the slave trade. Slaves were transported in large numbers, thousands per year chained in pairs not by locks but by fastened metal plates with a rivet. some chained to dead bodies, carrying the wait of those who lost their lives during this terrifying and inhumane transportation.
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shared by seeranefm on 21 Apr 23
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Captive Africans being transferred to ships along the Slave Coast for the transatlantic... - 2 views
cdn.britannica.com/...ave-Coast-slave-trade-1880.jpg
seeranefm 220111934_' transatlantic slave trade
shared by seeranefm on 21 Apr 23
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Between the 16th and 19th centuries, the Transatlantic global slave trade brought between 10 and 12 million enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas.
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Thoughts Upon the African Slave Trade - 3 views
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This monograph by John, Newton. (1788). details his thoughts and feelings on the African slave trade. It is a result of the outmost disgust he felt from this act, he speaks about how he was freed from engaging in it by the grace of God. The relevancy of John's testimony is backed up by nine years of slavery and observation of slave trade.
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A Contextual Review of the Ghanaian Small-Scale Mining Industry.pdf - 2 views
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The aim of this report is to provide a detailed overview of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry. Special emphasis is given to gold and diamonds, the most important commodities mined on a small scale in the country.
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The aim of this report is to provide a detailed overview of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry. Special emphasis is given to gold and diamonds, the most important commodities mined on a small scale in the country.
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The aim of this report is to provide a detailed overview of the Ghanaian small-scale mining industry. Special emphasis is given to gold and diamonds, the most important commodities mined on a small scale in the country.
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Special emphasis is given to gold and diamonds, the most important commodities mined on a small scale in the country. For decades, the extraction and subsequent processing of these precious minerals has provided thousands of indigenous peoples with employment.
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The Ghananian mining led to job creation for local people and they were able to support their families by providing food for them and also pay for educational fees for their children. Therefore lives of the people who worked in the mines changed even though the miners were not being paid enough.
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Although these efforts have noticeably improved the efficiency of operations, certain problems — principally, environmental impacts and land-use conflicts — continue to be largely ignored by government and are becoming increasingly unmanageable. It is therefore imperative that measures are taken immediately to address pressing sector-specific environmental complications such as mercury pollution and land degradation, and to resolve disputes between small- and large-scale miners competing over land concessions.
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Mining in Ghana led to improved infrastructural development such as construction of roads, hospitals and schools. These are thing that were need for the community and people to continue living their best lives. Mining activities in Ghana also contributed to the country's revenue, the gorvernment earned foreign exchange through the export of minerals such as gold, manganese and bauxite. However there are also negative impacts that mining had in the environment. This includes the displacements of communities and health hazards for workers whom ended up losing their jobs as miners because they were no longer productive.
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In fact, it was the rich gold deposits of the western Sahara that were largely responsible for the wealth and strength of large ancient Ghanaian empires and cultures [1], and by the 15th and 16th centuries, at the peak of European colonial exploration, Ghana was fittingly labelled the ‘Gold Coast’.
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There were many markets and large supplies for gold that existed in Ghana. Most of the people who worked in the mines were Black African people who were enslaved by the British people.
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The country is situated mostly within the West African Craton, which stabilized during the early Proterozoic Period some two billion years ago [2].
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Ghana extends in many parts, in the North Ghana there is more than 85% of the economically active population that specializes in agriculture. Nothern region of Ghana is drier compared to the Southern areas of the country.
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Most small-scale miners in Ghana are engaged in the extraction of gold and diamonds simply because they can generate wealth quickly.
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According to Ghana statistical service, the unemployment rate in Ghana wa 7.3% in 2020, with the youth unemployment rate being 13.3% . However the Government launched several youth employment programs, this includes agriculture, manufacturing, mining and tourism.
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Small-scale mining brings several benefits to developing countries, manifested mainly as employment and revenue. Although not capital intensive, small-scale mines require sufficient manpower; labour-intensive small-scale mining operations are economically feasible because investment costs per job are typically only 10–12 per cent as those costs in large mining operations [10]
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Small-scale mining, therefore, has a major impact on the employment situation in the developing world, especially in rural areas where there are few alternatives. Moreover, the enactment of relevant legislation and effective legalization of small-scale mining has had a positive impact on the economies of certain developing countries.
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Small-scaning in Ghana brought challenges including environmental degredation, unsafe mining practices and social conflicts. Therefore the government introduced the key policies which outlines the regulatory framework for small-scale mining activities in Ghana. This law requires that small-scale miners obtain licenses from the minerals commision and comply with environmental and safety regulations.
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A
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Furthermore, because of traditional cultural values — more specifically, the continental perception of men playing a more prominent role in society — African women experience difficulties in securing bank loans for small-scale mining equipment, which more often than not, discourage female involvement.
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Furthermore, because of traditional cultural values — more specifically, the continental perception of men playing a more prominent role in society — African women experience difficulties in securing bank loans for small-scale mining equipment, which more often than not, discourage female involvement.
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Women in Ghana were only responsible for doing house chores, meanwhile men did all the hardwork of digginng up gold. This means that women were not able to work at the well paying jobs so that they can be able to save money for themselves.
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Furthermore, because of traditional cultural values — more specifically, the continental perception of men playing a more prominent role in society — African women experience difficulties in securing bank loans for small-scale mining equipment, which more often than not, discourage female involvement.
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The Ghananian mining industry helped by providing jobs for local people so that they can be able to support their families, this means that the workers were able to buy food and pay for school fees for their children.
Science Magazine.pdf (5).pdf - 3 views
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