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hlulani

Stanley's Thrilling Record of African Exploration.pdf - 1 views

Hlulani Makumbani

shared by hlulani on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • H e n r y M . S t a n l e y , a t t h e h e a d o f h i s e x p l o r a t i o n a n d t h i n g b u t h o r r i b l e f o r m s o f m e n s ql i t t e n w i t h d i s e a s e , r e l i e f e x p e d i t i o n , w h i c h s t a r t e d u p t h e C o n g o , o n t h e b l o a t e d , d i s fi g u r e d . a n d s � a 'r r e d , w h i l e t h e s c e n e i n t h e W e s t A f r i c a n c o as t , i n M a r c h , 1 8 8 7 , a r r i v e d a t B a g o · c a m p , i n f a m o u s f o r t h e m u r d e r o f p o o r B a r t t e l o t b a r e l y m o y o , D e a r Z a n z i b a r , o n t h e e a s t c o a s t , D e c . 4 , w i t h f o u r w e e k s b e f o r e , is s i m p l y s i c k e n i n g . O n t h e s a m e E m i n P a s h a a n d h i s p r i n c i p a l l i e u t e n a n t s a n d a c o n - d a y , 6 0 0 m i l e s w e s t o f t h i s c a m p , J a m e s o n , w o r n o u t s i d e r a b l e n u m b e r o f f o l l o w e r s . T h e d a y f o l l o w i n g a w i t h f a t i g u e , s i c k n e s s , a n d s o r r o w , b r e a t h e s h i s l as t . s e r i o u s , i f n o t f a t a l . a c c i d e n t o c c u r r e d t o E w i n , w h o , O n t h e n e x t d a y , A u g u s t 1 8 , 6 0 0 m i l e s e a s t , E w i n b e i n g n e a r · s i g h t e d , m i s j u d g e d t h e h e i g h t o f a b a l c o n y P a s h a a n d m y o ffi c e r , J e p h s o n , a r e s u d d e n l y s u r r o u n d ­ i n a b u i l d i n g w h e r e h e w a s b e i n g b a n q u e t e d , a n d f e l l a e d b y i n f u r i a t e d r e b e l s , w h o m e n a c e t h e m w i t h l o a d e d d i s t a n c e o f t w e n t y f e e t . T h i s s e e m s s t r i k i n g l y l i k e a r i fl e s a n d i n s t a n t d e a t h , b u t f o r t u n a t e l y t h e y r e l e n t c o n t i n u a n c e o f t h e f a t a l i s m o r p r o v i d e n c e w h i c h S t a n l e y a n d o n l y m a k e t h e m p r i s o u e r s , t o be d e l i v e r e d t o t h e a p p e a r s t o t h i n k h a s b e e n a d o m i n a n t f a c t o r w i t h h i m M a h d i s t s . H a v i n g s a v e d B o n n y o u t o f t h e j a w s o f t h r o u g h o u t h i s l a s t e x p e d i t i o n , a s s e t f o r t h i n h i s o w n d e a t h , w e a r r i v e a s e c o n d t i m e a t A l b e r t N y a n z a , t o w o r d s i n t h e f o l l o w i n g t h r i l l i n g r e c o r d o f p e r i l , a d v e n · fi n d E m i n P a s h a a n d J e p h s o n p r i s o n e r s i n d a i l y e x ­ t u r e , s u ff e r i n g , a n d e n d u r a n c e , w h i c h c o m e s b y c a b l e p e c t a t i o n o f t h e i r d o o ll l. t o t h e N e w Y o r k H e r a l d . H e s a y s : J e p h s o n ' s o w n l e t t e r s w i l l d e s c r i b e h i s a n x i e t y . N o t F i r s t o f a l l I a m i n p e r f e c t h e a l t h , a n d f e e l l i k e a u n t i l b o t h w e r e i n m y c a m p a n d t h e E g y p t i a n f u g i ­ l a b o r e r o f a S a t u r d a y e v e n i n g r e t u r n i u g h o m e w i t h h i s t i v e s u n d e r o u r p r o t e c t i o n d i d I b e g i n t o s e e t h a t I w e e k ' s w o r k d o n e , h i s w e e k ' s w a g e s i n h i s p o c k e t , a n d w a s o n l y c a r r y i n g o u t a h i g h e r p l a n t h a n m i n e . M y g l a d t h a t t o m o r r o w i s t h e S a b b a t h . o w n d e s i g n s w e r e c o n s t a n t l y f r u s t r a t e d b y u n h a p p y J u s t a b o u t t h r e e y e a r s a g o , w h i l e l e c t u r i n g i n N e w c i r c u m s t a n c e s . I e n d e a v o r e d t o s t e e r m y c o u r s e n , s d i E n g l a u d , a m e s s a g e c a ll i " m u n d e r t h e s e a b i d d i n g r e e t a s p o s s i b l e , b u t t; h e r e w a s a n u n a c c o u n t a b l e i n fl u m e t o h a s t e n a n d t a k e f "t. - ! s s i o n t o r e l i e v e E m i n e n c e a t t h e h e l m . P a s h a a t W a d e l a i ; b
    • hlulani
      hlulani on 26 Apr 23
       
      The author explores Africa by looking into the nature, the history of the nineetenth century where he discovers more about the roots of Africa. For instace, who explores Africa, was it the nature or culture? This article is related to the historical content of Exploration Africa.
siphamandlagiven

26053212.pdf( https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/179483.pdf?refreqid=fastly-default%3A3f... - 2 views

siphamandla lebea 221028179

shared by siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      ivory trade has only gotten worse with the years in eastern Africa .according to the convention international trade in endangered species of wild fauna and flora Tanzania and Kenya(both eastern countries0are in the top 10 countries in the word with the highest levels of illegal ivory trade .between the years 2009-2014 about 100000 elephants were killed for their ivory which is very high for 5 years compared to the 1800s
  • d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s . T h e t o t a l q u a n t i t y i m p o r t e d i n t o ( h e a t B r i t a i n i n 1 8 7 5 w a s 6 8 0 t u n s , t h e l a r g e s t i n a n y y e a r b e t w e e n t h a t t i m e a n d 1 8 4 2 , w h e n i t w a s o n l y 2 !J 7 t u n s : t h e l o w e s t b e i n g 1 8 4 4 , b u t 2 1 1 t u n s . 'f,
    • siphamandlagiven
      siphamandlagiven on 25 Apr 23
       
      the vast majority of this imports being from eastern African countries mainly Kenya and Tanzania
  • a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
mercymmadibe071

(PDF) SLAVERY AND THE SLAVE TRADE IN EASTERN AFRICA - 11 views

www.researchgate.net/..._SLAVE_TRADE_IN_EASTERN_AFRICA

Kgotsoka Mercy 221031275

shared by mercymmadibe071 on 02 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Slavery can be simply described as the ownership of human beings, buying and selling them for the sole purpose of forced and mostly unpaid labor and sexual exploitation. It is an ancient practice that has been found in almost all civilizations in the world
  • Even the Mayans, Aztecs and other smaller “nations” kept slaves in the Americas, as did the Sumerians and Babylonians in the Near East, and the Chinese and Japanese in the Far East. Ancient Egyptians and Greeks employed large numbers of slaves, including people of their own nationalities and others such as Jews, Europeans, Nubians and Ethiopians. Many slaves were employed as soldiers, servants, laborers and even civil servants. The Romans captured slaves from what is now Britain, France and Germany.
  • In northern Europe (Scandinavia), “trälar” were a kind of serfs, and in Imperial Russia in the first half of the 19th century one third of the population were serfs, or ‘unfree peasants’ called krepostnoy krestyanin in Russian, who like slaves in the Americas, had the status of chattels and could be bought and sold like common goods. They were finally freed in 1861 by Emperor Alexander II. Four years later in 1865, slavery was abolished completely and legally in the United States
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • sometime partially, mostly inherited from his parents, and he was required to render services to a feudal lord
  • raditionally, most societies in Africa, many with divine kings and strict hierarchical forms of government with local chiefs at village level, kept slaves as body guards, tax collectors, domestic servants and farm workers.
  • Most slaves from Africa were transported to Brazil, and from the port of Rio de Janeiro they were shipped further to other destinations in the Americas.
  • . The divisions between the different social classes were often not very strict because of intermarriage and social mobility.
  • Slavery and slave trade within East Africa were well established before the Europeans arrived on the scene.
  • Many Africans were domestic slaves, working in rich households. Many young women were taken as concubines, i.e. sex slaves. However, the bulk of the slaves in the countries around the Indian Ocean were from South Asia and South East Asia, particularly South India, Malaysia and Indonesia, most of them being women, many of whom were brought to East Africa by the Portuguese to work in their fortresses, naval bases and wine-houses or sold away as concubines.
  • Slavery has not disappeared completely; it exists today in various forms, mainly indoors, behind closed doors
  • Shrewdslave owners thus made some slaves buy their freedom fromtheir masters.
  • However, a slave could be given freedom by his owner of the owner’s free will long before the institution of slavery came t be finally abolished. If a slave had lived and behaved to the satisfaction of the master for a long period, especiallyif he were holding an important position in the master'shousehold, the master wrote him a document of freedom
  • Every year more slaves were required in East Africa for several reasons: 1. New clove and coconut plantations in Zanzibar and date plantations in Oman needed labor. 2. New farms in the interior of East Africa for production of food crops around inland centers along the caravan routes needed labor.3. More slaves were needed as porters to carry trade goods from the coast to the interior, and ivory and other products from the interior to the coast. 4. Brazilian traders, to avoid the British navy intercepting their slave ships in West Africa, had started obtaining slaves from the Portuguese in Angola, the Zambezi valley and the coast of Mozambique. 5. The French needed cheap labor on their newly started sugar and coffee plantations in the islands of Mauritius, Seychelles, Reunion, Rodrigues and southern Madagascar. 6. Many male slaves in Zanzibar and Mombasa would become free after some years in servitude, older slaves would retire or die, and new ships and businesses, building and 3construction work needed new slaves.
  • cinderellaochu on 09 May 23
     
    Hi Kgotsoka, This article is not from the recommended sources- Taylor & Francis or JSTOR. It is also not shared properly, it shows a landing page. Thank you.
fortunatem

Ivory.pdf - 2 views

Lesego Mlandu History 2A

shared by fortunatem on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i n , d o e s n o t s e e m t o h e j u s t i fi e d b y t h e f a c t s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      British cutlery and billiard ball producers frequently claim that ivory will become a thing of the past but the facts do not seem to support their statements.
  • c c o r d i n g t o t h e f o l l o w i n g , f r o m t h e B T i t i 8 li M a i l , M e s s r s . L e w i s & P e a t , c o l o n i a l b r o k e r s , h a v e i s s u e d a v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g r e p o r t. o f t h e m o d e r n i v o r y t r a d e , w h i c h , t h o u g h s h o w i n g g r e a t i m p r o v e m e n t s i n c e 1 8 4 2 , i s a m e r e s h a d o w o f w h a t i t m u s t h a v e b e e n i n t h e a n c i e n t t i m e s .
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      According to a report by Peat and Lewis, the British mail Deliverers, the present ivory trade has greatly improved since 1875. 680nturns were imported into Great Britain in total in 1875 which was the most imports from that time until 1842.
  • T h e p r o b a b l e v a l u e o f t h e i v o r y i m p o r t e d l a s t y e a r c o u l d n o t b e l e s s t h a n $ 2 , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 . A l a r g e r p o r t i o n c a m e t h r o u g h E g y p t t h a n i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r , a n d l e s s f r o m Z a n z i b a r a n d B o m b a y , f r o m S o u t h A f r i c a a l i t t l e m o r e , a n d f r o m W e s t A f r i c a a l i t t l e l e s s
    • fortunatem
      fortunatem on 25 Apr 23
       
      The imports for the previous year for the ivory trade were probably worth at least $2,500,000. More imports traveled through Egypt than the previous year, while fewer traveled through Zanzibar and Bombay. More traveled through South Africa and less traveled through East Africa
talha09noor

Part 6.pdf - 0 views

shared by talha09noor on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • T H E S L A V E T R A D E A B O L I T I O N C O M P A C T b e t w e e n M a u r i t i u s a n d M a d a g a s c a r , h u m b u g t o s o l d i e r s i n M a u r i t i u s b u t a v e r y r e a l s t r o k e o f B r i t i s h p o l i c y t o t h e B o u r b o n F r e n c h , w a s m a d e f r o m L e R e d u i t , i n d e f i a n c e o f t h e e s t a b l i s h e d p r i n c i p a l M a l a g a s y s l a v e a g e n t J e a n R e n e a t t h e p o r t o f T a m a t a v e o n t h e e a s t c o a s t o f M a d a g a s c a r , b y h i s o v e r l o r d , m a j o r s l a v e s o u r c e , a n d u n d e r B r i t i s h u r g i n g h i s r e l u c t a n t b l o o d b r o t h e r , t h e M e r i n a k i n g R a d a m a I i n l a n d a t T a n a n a r i v e
    • talha09noor
      talha09noor on 25 Apr 23
       
      Even though there wasnt much movement of slave trade, the slave trade between mauritius and madagascar has been abolished with the british acting as mediator
puseletsomonyeki

Dr. Livingstone's New African Expedition.pdf - 1 views

Puseletso Monyeki History 2A

shared by puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • t h a s b e e n a n n o u n c e d , t h a t t h e v e s s e l w h i c h h a s r e c Q n t l y s a i l e d w i t h t h e n o w c e l e ­ b r a t e d D r . L i v i n g s t o n e f o r t h e s o u t h e a s t c o a s t o f A f r i c a , h a s o n b o a r d a p e c u l i a r s t e a m b o a t , p r o v i d e d b y t h e B r i t i s h G O Y e r n m e n t , t o e n a b l e t h e v e t e r a n t r a v e l e r t o p r o s e c u t e h i s i n v e s t i g a ­ t i o n o f t h e Z a m b e s i R i v e r .
    • puseletsomonyeki
      puseletsomonyeki on 26 Apr 23
       
      Dr David Livingstone is one of the famous missionaries and explorers of Africa. He was the first person to discover the Zambezi river.
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 0 views

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • But his rise to power was probably also the result of tides that had been running in the life of the African peoples for two centuries: the rising population in the interior of Africa, the emigration from the interior that was crowding the pas­ ture lands of Natal, and the increasing contacts with European settlers and traders. Shaka's abrupt, brief and bloody appearance in history thus provides sig­ nificant inSights into the all too Iittle­ known history of the "Dark Continent."
  • Shaka had built this disciplined na­ tion and army in less than 10 years after he became chief of a small tribe of about 2,000 people
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r .
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • The castaways, like many modern students of African history, were in­ clined to regard the natives as "savages" who would attack and rob strangers un­ less frightened away. This was surely not the case; the tribes were well-organ­ ized societies with elaborate codes of law and ethics. A careful survey of the records has convinced me that the na­ tives did not slaughter and steal only when they felt they were stronger than the shipwrecked party, and trade and parley only when they were afraid; the situation was much more complicated. The natives had a great need for iron, copper and other metals: many of their javelins were made of wood hardened by fire, and in some tribes women cul­ tivated with sticks rather than with iron hoes. They
  • Seven fairly complete journals kept by castaways show that the parties were attacked either in years of widespread drought or after the invasion of locusts, when food was short among the natives; or when they were wrecked just before the harvest and the natives were in want as they waited for the new crops
  • 1,he journals and the native traditions make it clear that Natal was occu­ pied by a great number of small inde­ pendent tribes organized around kinship groups
  • Even in bad years, however, castaways who dropped out of the march from weakness were often succored by the very people who had been harassing them. Men from later shipwrecks occasionally met these cast­ aways; often they had been given cattle, wives and land, and had assumed im­ portant places among their saviors.
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • Without doubt economic forces were at work along with personal ambition in this process of political fission
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship. According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them al
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • Iɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `Nɍ3Èɍ E-ɍ$ɍtǂñ"ɍJ$ǃ$,ɍ áɍɍ0 Ā-=ɍ t<`ɍ $FJ-$ɍ n‰ɍ ɍ‰ ɍ.ɍ`ɍɍ$tf Ƕ#ɍ ɍ ťƌ ɍ `Çɍ ɍ Ț– ɍ  ɍ œ‰š R5ɍ`ǿEțĴɍ ɍ Bɍɍ y`F-ɍ ɍ $ɍ XǙɍ dž-ɍ 4ɍ ` ɍ .- 5
  • 3 -- /-Rɍ nɍc Óɍ ɍ nç -ɍɍɍɍɍÊ–ȅȽɍ ɍ 5ɍ D ɍ ɍ 5=ɍ ɍ  ɍ =ɍ ɍ$/ɍɍRɍɍ-f  ɍɍ -ɍFɍ--ɍɍ
aneziwemkhungo

THE RISE OF A ZULU EMPIRE.pdf - 2 views

Aneziwe Mkhungo

shared by aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Shaka then raised the stick in his hand and after striking with it right and left and springing out from amidst the chiefs, the whole mass broke from thei
  • W h e n S h a k a d e f e a t e d h i s m a j o r r i v a l , t h e N d w a n d w e c h i e f Z w i d e , s o m e o f t h e v a n q u i s h e d N d w a n d w e s fl e d t o t h e n o r t h a n d w e s t . O n e o f t h e s e t r i b e s e s t a b l i s h e d i t s r u l e i n w h a t i s n o w M o z a m b i q u e a n d e x t o r t e d t r i b u t e f r o m t h e P o r t u g u e s e t r a d i n g s t a t i o n s o n t h e Z a m b e z i R i v e r
  • As the tribes moved, they often split. A chief had several wives of varying status, and he placed important ones in different parts of his territory and at­ tached followers to them
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Dingiswayo promptly killed his brother and seized the Mtetwa chief­ tainship
  • ɍ ɍɍɍɍUɍɍ$ñɍ ª ɍ5ɍ ɍ ɍɍ ɍ- ɍ ɍ ÇɍnRɍ ɍ - ɍ‰ɍÅɍ 4t"=ɍ 70 Dǁ4ɍ ɍɍɍɍ`ɍɍ `
  • 5ɍ  ɍ ɍ -Fɍ ɍ x,
  • According to stories told some 16 years later to the English traders who visited Shaka, Dingiswayo declared that the constant fighting among the tribes was against the wish of the Creator, and that he intended to conquer them all
  • _'ɍ BVɍ 3 Đɍ ɍ 5Öɍ YBRɍ/5ɍ ɍ$ɍ$çɍ ɍɍc -Í
  • 3ÇEɍ 5ɍ DŽɍ B–ɍ ɍJɍ $ī0  =ɍ -5Úę- ɍ PVɍ Œɍ ȱɍÐĊɍ  ɍɍ$$-ɍɍɅ ƍt.ɍ ɍ ɍ Pɍ ɍ ɍ ”` =ɍ ɍ (ɍ @XȻɍ ɍ Ê÷ɍ ɍ ɍ $ ɍ ǭ ɍ ɍ Fɍ ɍ ɍ ɍ RɍɍȵD-ɍ ɍ –Dȥ4ɍ XPɍ sɍ
  • Shaka himself had had no children. He said that a son would kill him for the throne.
  • He forbade his men to marry or have sexual relations with women until he gave them permission to do so in middle age, and he quartered all his men in great barracks, as in any modern army.
  • Shaka became a conqueror because he was born into a system where changes in the ratio of population to land, and perhaps increased trade with Europeans through intermediary lands, were pro­ ducing a drive toward the emergence of an overlord of the region.
  • aneziwemkhungo on 26 Apr 23
     
    The Zulu empire rose in the 19th century under the leadership of its founder shaka. This article highlights how he introduced new military tactics, including the use of short stabbing spears and large cowhide shields, and created a strict military discipline within his army. Even after Shaka's death, the Zulu empire continued to flourish under the rule of Cetshwayo kaMpande in 1879, but the Boers eventually defeated the Zulu army in the Ulundi battle resulting in a British invasion in 1879. Even though the empire was turned into a Natal colony but the Zulu culture continued to survive.
nmapumulo

Ivory.pdf - 1 views

Nobuhle Mapumulo222111421

shared by nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • JUNE
  • f h e a p p r e h e n s i o n t h a t i v o r y w o u l d h e c o m e o n e o f t h e p I O ­ d u c t s o f t h e p a s t , a s w e h a v e o f t e n h e a r d o u r c u t l e r y a n d b i l l i a r d b a l l m a n u f a c t u r e r s m a i n t a i
    • nmapumulo
      nmapumulo on 26 Apr 23
       
      Rhinoceros horns were imported in 1874, they valued a lot.
gumedehp

WO 32/7837: Overseas: South Africa (Code 0(AU)): State of Affairs in Zululand; Correspo... - 2 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Hlengiwe Gumede 222241766

shared by gumedehp on 24 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Eshowe, Zulu Native Reserve Territory, I have the honour to report that on vestono л ι Δ™ ύ 1 1 ' 1 ι 8 ? 3 */. one of three messengers sent by UsibebuVeil* 7 ^ i ь 4 ^ before me Nsaba, tory bv an Usutu impi sent by CetywRvo anľí P T* °^ the ^i mva810n ° f his terri " which'took place between the^iSÄS^ Г° ^ P artlCukrs of the encounter I enclose, for your Excellcncv's information я n ° 1Ce ' r at u » me, from which it will be seen that thè ôt„ РУ S statemen t, made before Usibebuwere arrested,
  • The two messengers, Marwanqa and Matiya arrive μ f ι .ι . A P ril 1 -· is appended to that of Nsaba? ag0 ; their statem ent _____ (Signed) M. Osborn. Eshowe, Zulu Native Reserve Territory Nsaba states :— A P ril Ю, 1883. refLeľce\Tth^L r ^ ЯГ ľf^ to the Commissioner with his words in Ím^Tu^tW t Г 1 m Μ ,' 1S Pe °P le Ъ У the Usutu f0 ^s.
  • We atwered thaTľe wer S et°T W Sf"V? fT ^ ^ wWe We missioner in the Resede to complain of Usi ^ ^ bu^t hľs^Z ·° ^, 00 ™- and those of his people and seized their cattle.
masindi0906

131867085.pdf - 2 views

Sindisiwe Gumede 220072035 History 2A

shared by masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • A b y ssin ia n C h ris tia n ity as p e rso n a l relig io n is h ard ly b etter. I t is a b u rd e n o f form s, a n d n o th in g m ore.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Abyssinia Christianity is not much better as a personal religion. It is merely an aesthetic burden.
  • B u t th e ir C h ris tia n ity ! W h y has n o t th a t s h a p e d a b e tte r c h a ra c te r ? A cu rio u s C h ristian ity in d e e d I
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      However, they are Christian! Why didn't that produce a more positive character? What a strange Christianity!
  • Considering, therefore, what kind of a Christianity it is, it would be simply absurd to expect from the Abyssinian religion any profound in­ fluence for good upon the individual character.
    • masindi0906
      masindi0906 on 22 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, given the type of Christianity it is, it would be ludicrous to expect the Abyssinian religion to have a significant positive impact on a person's character.
  • ujhistprof on 16 May 23
     
    link does not work
katlegomodiba

An Ascent of Kilimanjaro.pdf - 1 views

Katlego Modiba History 2A

shared by katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • Read at the Meeting of the Society, 27 November 1922. SINCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848, and since Sir Harry Johnston's pioneer work on the upper slopes in 1884, eighteen men and at least one lady had reached the icy rim of the great crater on its summit. The first Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. Dr. Foerster, a German settler at Moshi,
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      this is a journal article by C. Gillman about some expedition in Mount Kilimanjaro. The writer describes the mount Kilimanjaro and how it was and the conditions there.
  • NCE Africa's highest mountain was first seen and approached by Rebmann in 1848,
  • on the upper slopes in 1884, e
  • ...50 more annotations...
  • t Englishman to climb to the top was Mr. W. C. West, of Capetown, whose ascent was accomplished in June 1914. D
  • anjaro, and t
  • anjaro, and th
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Mount Kilimanjaro is located in the country Tanzania which in the Eastern part of the continent Africa. Kilimanjaro is one of Africa's tallest mountains at about 5, 895 meters and 19,340 feet. Many explorers, explored this mountain because it is well known in Africa and this mount changed how many explorers viewed Africa, it is well known that most Europeans viewed Africa as a continent that is
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Of course, many of the tallest mountains in the world and a number of volcanoes on the central and South American plateaus are higher than Kilimanjaro at sea level, but their bases, whether mountain chains or plateaus, are already at a significant altitude, whereas here the slopes rise uninterruptedly for 5,200 meters above plains below(800 meters) to the summit of Kibo.
  • ly ste
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a summit can be described as the highest point of a hill or a mountain.
  • y ste
  • aphical base to the top. Many peaks of the world's big fold mountains, several volcanoes on the Central and South American plateaus are of course actually higher above sea-level than Kilimanjaro, but their base, be it a chain or a plateau, lies already at a considerable altitude, whilst here t
  • AN ASCENT OF KILIMANJARO 3 line 5200 metres above the surrounding plains (800 metres) to the summit of Kibo (5930
  • bove. From a base about 80 kms. in diameter, the slopes rise very gently at first, and, gradually steepening towards the summit, produce that slightly concave outline so characteristic of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating the fact that the earlier lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were m
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The slopes rise very gently at first, gradually steepening towards the summit to create that slightly concave outline so distinctive of Kilimanjaro and of strato-volcanoes generally, and indicating that older lavas have been poured out in a much more liquid state than the younger ones, which were more viscous. The slopes begin at a base that is about 80 km in diameter.
  • -volcano. The three cones whose centres of eruption lie on an almost straight line running west to east, are Shira in the west, Kibo in the centre, and Mavenzi in the east. Shira, the oldest, 4000 metres high, is to-day only a ruin with the remains of its former crater-wall forming a ragged more or less horizontal spur protruding from the western slope of its
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The three cones are namely Shira, Kibo and Mavenzi. Shira is the oldest and is only 4000 meters high, while Mvenzi is only 5270 meters high and Kibo is the highest with 5930 meters high.
  • Structurally Kilimanjaro consists of three single strato-volcanoes, each of which has had its own
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Here the writer simply tells us that mount Kilimanjaro is made up three separate starti-volcanoes and each have their own history and origin
  • eighbour. The second in age is Mavenzi, 5270 metres high, whose former crater, though much destroyed by erosion, is still well recognizable and opens by two deep barrancos towards the north-east. The centre is taken up by Kibo, 5930 metres, the youngest and highest of the three component volcanoes, and the only one which still shows an intact crater and a perpetu
  • rin
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Kibo summit is the highest point of climbing Mount Kilimanjaro in Tanzania located in the mountain's arctic zone.
  • called Sa
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A plateau is a flat, elevated landform that rises sharply above the surrounding area on at least on side. Plateaus occur on every continent and take up a third of the Earth's land.
  • tless small parasitic cones the .middle and lower slopes of the main massif. One of these cones, right down at the foot of the mountain in its south-east corner, has a large crater fllled by the beautiful emerald-green waters of lake Chala.
  • limatic features of Kilimanjaro are determined by three main factors: (1) the mountain's position in the equatorial region of continuous trade winds; (2) the isolation of a huge mass of rock rising from a level plain; and (3) the great height above this plain which brings the upper regions of the mountain well within the zone of the anti-tr
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Anti-trades are prevailing winds from the west toward the east in the middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees latitude. They are also called westerlies.
  • ins. The results are ascending winds during the day and descending winds at night, the mountain winds being stronger over the southern than over the n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This are the results of trades that bring vapour from the Indian Ocean that blows and that's what happens as soon as they approach the mountain.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column influenced by them much larger. It is these mountain winds which, by altering the horizontal direction of the trade as it strikes Kilimanjar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The daily cycle is controlled by the mountain's winds, which change the trade's horizontal direction as it approaches Kilimanjaro.
  • slopes, because the former, being less steep than the latter, are more extended and therefore the air-column inf
  • alt
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      it is difficult to understand this word, so it makes the whole sentence not to be understandable.
  • opes, to arctic
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the weather there is drier, with less snow in the winter and sunny summer days
  • o well dis
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      discernible means to be visible or noticeable.
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EA
  • KILIMANJARO FROM THE NORTH-EAST
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This picture shows how the mount Kilimanjaro looks like when one is viewing it from the north-east side. its a picture by C. Dundas
  • MAVENZI AND THE SADDLE PLATEAU FROM THE CAVE ON KIB
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A picture of how Mavenzi summit and saddle plateau looks like
  • n the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow o
  • the surrounding plains and on the lower slopes up to 1100 metres, xerophile grass- and bush-steppe. (2) From 1100 to 1800 metres, a broad belt of agricultural land from which the original vegetation?lower tropical rain-forest?has been largely exterminated by man. The rainfall averages 1 metre. (3) The forest belt between 1800 and 3000, with its two subdivisions of upper tropical rain-forest and temperate mountain rainforest, and an annual rainfall of from 2 to 3 metres. (4) The alpine grass and shrub vegetation from 3000 to 4400 metres, with a rainfall of less than 1 metre; and finally, (5) The alpine desert, where lichens are the only plant form that can subsist, on the whole extremely dry and with all precipitations falling in the shape of snow or
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is something interesting about the explorers who were able to identify the five zones of Kilimanjaro and the meters they all have.
  • ent-da
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      A glacier is a slowly moving mass or river of ice formed by the accumulation and compaction of snow on Mountains. glaciers were found in summit Kibo all present day.
  • n or meteorological con
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      meteorological conditions are determined by the wind velocity and direction, the air temperature and humidity, atmospheric pressure and the stabilityy class.
  • a peculia
  • Kibo, however, shows a peculiarity, unique as far as our knowledge goes, in that its large central crater forms an island-like region of fusion, interrupting the region of feeding, t
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      peculiarity is a strange or unusual feature or habit
  • l
  • latter thus being of annular shape and enclosing a dischargeless glacier ar
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The summit Kibo exhibits a characteristic that is unique to our knot in that its massive center crater divides the feeding zone into an island-like region of fusion and an annular region that is surrounded by a discharge-free glacier area.
  • ior Commissioner of Moshi, Messrs. P. Nason and F. J. Miller, and myself. The first day's march of seven hours took us through cultivated Chaga Land in an easterly direction to the little kingdom of Marang'u, which had supplied the porters for most of the former expeditions, and whence a good path leads through the forest belt. This march across the lower slopes of the mountain entailed a good many ups and downs caused by the deeply eroded radial valleys, but it also afforded us a fair insight into the life of a most interesting people. Nowhere in East Africa have I seen anything approaching the high standard of culture that is exhibited by the sturdy inhabitants of the cultivated zone of Kilimanjaro
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      the mountain was fascinating
  • little chieftaincies
  • Grouped together in a number of little chieftaincies, the Wachaga are certainly a happy blend of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman. This is very probably due to the initiative of powerful and despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, led the masses to more intensive labour and thus to higher forms of civilization, and have understood how to make the best of the very favourable conditions which the well-watered mountain
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The explorers viewed the Wachagga as unquestionably a successful fusion of the agricultural Bantu and the Hamitic herdsman, grouped together in a number of small chieftaincies. This is very likely a result of the initiative of strong, despotic rulers who, by imposing their will, drove the populace toward more intense labour and, consequently, toward higher forms of civilization, and who also knew how to make the most of the favorable conditions that the well-watered mountain sloped offered. it is interesting that the slopes are watered
  • o abe
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      abeyance means a state of temporary disuse or suspension
  • rd but healthy work are well built, sturdy, and tough. To see their women balancing huge bundles of thatch descend along a steep and slippery path, slim and erect, is a fine sight. And as to the men, our porters gave a good exhibition of their staying powe
  • tropical forest, we rested on the lowest patch of grass at about 2000 metres. A further climb of a little more than an hour took us through the temperate rain-forest to the lowest of Dr. Foerster's huts (2730 metres), which we reached soon after noo
  • e advantages of the cool dark shade. It probably requires the trained eye of the botanist to distinguish between the lower and upper tropical rain-forest. As far as I could see they both agree in their main characteristics, i.e. tall trees growing out into the light from a dense undergrowth, and large smooth shiny leaves adapted to a highly increased transpira
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      It was difficult for explorers to distinguish the difference between the lower and upper tropical forest because they had similar features
  • The abundance of moisture with which the plants have to deal during most of the year up there in the mean altitude of the daily mists is aggravated by the comparative coolness of the climate. Mere enlarging of the transpiring leaf surface and the tropical devices for letting the water drip off no longer suffice. Other means had to be developed to deal with the altered environment. The leaves again become smaller and are often covered with thin hair, which, while allowing the surplus water to drip off easily, may also be regarded as pro
  • ht and heat there. The uppermost portion of the temperate forest consists almost entirely of tree-heather growing to a height of io to 15 metres. A most curious fact, and one which requires further investigation, is the absence of that bamboo belt which is found everywhere in East Africa above the rain-forest and, according to Uhlig, is particularly well developed on Mount Meru, only some 80 miles distant from
  • I wish to add a few words on the economic function of the forest be
  • he agriculture of the Wachaga, and with it their further progress towards civilization, but also the development of the European plantations in the lower regions of Kilimanjaro, depend in the first instance on that continuous and ample supply of water which the mountain guarantees them. It seems, therefore, of the utmost importance to understand clearly the agencies which influence this life-spending ele
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      The mountain supplies the lower regions plantations of the Europeans with water. The question is why can't they just get water from rivers or even from the rainfall?
  • e perennial stre
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      perennial streams are streams that have continuous flow of surface water throughout the year in at least parts of its catchment during seasons of normal rainfall
  • usal n
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      a central or focal point
  • But the meteorological conditions of the mountain are such that a considerable portion of the vapour-laden atmosphere reaches the
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the course
  • regions above the forest before condensation has taken place, and the same is the ease with most of the moisture which the forest plants them? selves exhale again in the cours
    • katlegomodiba
      katlegomodiba on 25 Apr 23
       
      Did the explorers actually watch everything that happened in the mountains
  • d awa
l222091943

'Race', warfare, and religion in midnineteenth-century Southern Africa: the Khoikhoi re... - 3 views

'Lindiwe.S Mbatha 222091943 '

shared by l222091943 on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • On Christmas day 1850, the Ž nal frontier war in a long and bitter series between the British Cape Colony and the Xhosa erupted. In the wake of a witchcraft eradication campaign directed by the young spiritual leader Mlanj eni, Ngqika Xhosa warriors
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      on the final frontier, they practiced witchcraft eradication campaign, which was directed by the young spiritual leader Mlangeni, Ngqika who was a Xhosa warrior.
  • attacked the military villages in the Eastern Cape which the British had planted on l and taken from them in the aftermath of the 1846- 47 War of the Axe.
  • Crais 1992: 173-188; Peires 1989: 1-44; Mostert 1992; Stapleton 1994; Keegan 1996
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      Definition of servant's people who performed duties for others especially person employed on domestic duties or as a personal attendant
  • ...31 more annotations...
  • servants
  • Khoikhoi community sometimes clashed with the Xhosa desire to regain their own lost land and to have strategic
  • r at the time so-called ‘Hottentot’
  • Hottentot nationalism’ (Ross 1997
  • Khoikhoi and San and the f ormerly enslaved rose in large numbers from within the Cape Colony in support of the Xhosa
  • Matroos would become a nationalist hero, his life story suggests that he was also a would-be client, poorly treated by those with whom he sought to cooperate.
  • Xhosa and Khoikhoi in the eighteenth century had led to a high Xhosa degree of intermarriage with the Gonaqua, the Khoikhoi group closest to Xhosa lands. The Gonaqua continued to identif y as Khoikhoi, however, despite ongoing
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      as time went on the colonization of the khoikhoi and the Xhosa started to cause conflict despite the intermarriage between the xhosa and the khoikhoi continued to happen
  • The Mf engu were a part icularly resented presence for the most par
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Mfengus were not really liked in the society people felt bitter in the presence of the Mfengus
  • rebel
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      definitions of rebels a person who rises in opposition or armed resistance against an established government or leader
  • The course of this agonising war has been well traced by several scholars (Ross 2000; Crais 1992; Kirk 1973, 1980; Mostert 1992; Peires 1981, 1989)
  • Speeches were made in which speakers explained that they had been defrauded of their very pay during the last war and had returned to Ž nd that their cattle, left without keepers, had been sold at public auction: ‘On their return home they found themselves ruined.
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      people went back home empty handed as their cattle were auctioned they were very dissapointed as they did not get their stock
  • On December 30, 1850, Hermanus Matroos, leader of a settlement at Blinkwater in the Kat River, attacked a military post close to Fort Beaufort. On Ja nuary 1, 1851, hi s f orce s captured t he f ort iŽ ed farmhouse of W. Gil be rt, a Blinkwater commissioner (Ross 2000: 40). Matroos was an ironic leader for a explicitly ‘Khoikhoi’ uprising. He was the son of an escaped slave and a Xhosa woman. In his youth he had worked on a farm in the colon
  • he gathered around him a large number of impoverished clients, mostly Xhosa and Mfengu, including 48 men and their families by 1842; Stockenstrom, who claims that Matroos was disliked and feared by local Khoi, reduced his territory in 1836 ( Crais 1992: 162; Stockenstrom 1854: 14). In the 1846 War of the Axe
  • The issue of corruption arises around this commission in a triple sense. Firstly, the magistrate, Louis Meurant, and others were corrupt, colluding to have as much land as possible f orfeited. Meurant was clearly engaged in shady practices, such as exploiting the i ll iteracy of many Kat River sett lers to f al sif y docume
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      corruption started as the white settlers have won they started having greed and wanted more they were falsifying the documents so that they could have more land
  • By 1850, the bulk of the descendants of the Khoikhoi and San of the Eastern Cape lived on mission stations, on the white farms that employed them as labourers, in urban areas such as Grahamstown where they worked primarily as domestic servants attached to white households, at the Kat River settlement, and in a few cases on the margins of white property, where they were deŽ ned by the state as squatter
  • In early 1851, a colonial force led by Colonel Somerset brutally recaptured the Kat River settlement. Both Mfengu and white members of this force committed atrocities against local inhabitants, including loyalists. Some white settlers paraded through the valley with a red  ag with the word ‘extermination’ on it. For a number of loyalists, the brutalities stretched loyalty to the breaking
  • Rebellion became a place as much as an organized military movemen
  • Although they did not experience clear-cut military defeat, they did not have sufŽ cient resources for a protracted Ž ght; by 1852, women and children were staggering starving from the rebel camps (McKay 1871: 206). Also by 1852, the already fragile alliance with the Xhosa was fracturing. Nonetheless, some rebels would remain in the bush as late as 1858, despite colonial pardons and despite the formal submission of the Xhosa chiefs to the British in 1853 .
  • (Elbourne 1994; Trapido 1992; Bradlow 1985; Mason 1992: 580-585, NewtonKing 1980 )
  • The Kat River settlers were conscripted into the colonial f orces in 1835-6 and again in 1846-7.
  • As these con icts over the meaning of Christianity suggest, the war deeply divided the non-white communities of the colonial Eastern Cape. Although many nuclear families went into the bush together, with children, at the most intimate level the war also split many families apart. This was all the more so given the large number of people beyond the nuclear core who were considered to form part of a Khoikhoi fami
    • l222091943
      l222091943 on 25 Apr 23
       
      the non whites started to colonize eastern cape.
  • During the war, loyalists were endlessly provoked, just as the loyalty of the Khoikhoi had been severely tested during the two previous frontier wars.
  • body the conf usions of identity of the Cape Colony: he was the son of a white missionary, James Read Snr, and a Khoikhoi woman, Elizabeth Valentyn. In conj unction with his f ather and t he r adi cal wing of t he L ondon Missi onary Soci ety, he had f ought all his lif e f or Christianity, civilization, and the rule of law, which he believed would save the Khoikhoi f rom degradation and inj ustice. He had been educated in Scotland and Cape Town, and described himself in 1834 as a liberal: he believed in the rights of man. 39 He was also a cynical observer of the brutalities of colonial rule. He sat uneasily between white and African society: he was a missionary, and thus at least theoretically respectable, and yet he was of mixed race. Louis Meurant, son of a slave owner and later to be a magistrate at Kat River, exempliŽ ed the colonial conviction
  • He published a series of long letters in the South African Commerical A dvertise
  • And in 1852 he kept a notebook as what proved to be an abortive commission of inquiry into the Kat River rebellion began its work. He attended sessions and took assiduous notes. His notebooks begin with a certain deŽ ant optimism that the truth would out, and even a biting wit. As the commission proceeded, however, it be
  • The victory of the white settler narrative was expressed in debates over land conŽ scation
  • 1835 devastation of the settlement during war. And so those who wished the return of land were compelled to describe the stat e of their house and grounds, as the com missi oners sought to dem onst rate t he quintessential lack of civilization of erf-holders without glass windows, brick walls, or more than one room. This lack of civilization in turn justiŽ ed the colonial rhetoric of ‘Hottentot’ primitiveness and savage
  • Most Khoikhoi, i ncl uding Ž eld cornet s, were not actually living like Brit ish Victorian
  • On January 8, 1851, Matroos led an unsuccessful rebel assault on Fort Beaufor
  • A second important aspect of the af termath of rebellion is that the Khoikhoi were no longer perceived as useful agents of rule by the British state
  • There is a letter in the South African library from the last surviving daughter of James Read Jnr to the archivis
  • ujhistprof on 25 Apr 23
     
    Please tag your name correctly. Thanks.
makheda

South African Exploration - 3 views

Makheda Bright Ndamulelo 222074228 History 2A

shared by makheda on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • II. Smith, Eider, and Co., London, 1838. This is t
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This Article portrays the Theme of the Natural History in Africa. Dr. Smith who was a zoologist explorer explored the Central and Southern Africa to study the natural beauty and animals in Africa.
  • It i
  • s
  • ...93 more annotations...
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to
  • It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
  • t is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journe
  • election from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
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  • a
  • t. It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      * It is a selection from the zoological collections brought home by the expedition that ventured into Central Africa some years ago under the care and supervision of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are primarily indebted for the entire planning and execution of the journey.
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey. Th
  • he care and supe~nteudence of
  • brought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smit
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  • ection from the zoological collections brought home by the ex- pedition which some
  • rought home by the ex- pedition which some years since penetrated int
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  • netrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose
  • nce penetrated into Central Africa under the care and supe~nteudence of Dr. Smith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey.
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  • Dr. Smith,
  • mith, to whose persevering zeal in the pursuit of natural history we are mainly indebted for the whole plan and execution of the journey
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  • hat gentleman w
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, n
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Unive
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • hat gentleman we be- lieve spent some part of his early career as a student in the Univer- sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay as a private lec. turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the time, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • reer as a student in the Univer
  • ieve spent some part of his early ca
  • as a private lec.
  • sity of Edinburgh at the period when Dr. Barclay
  • es
  • turer gave a new impulse to natural science by undertaking a seri
  • es of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel at the
  • e by undertaking a series of lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures, novel
  • novel at the
  • f lectures on comparative anatomy. These lectures,
  • o
  • time
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn
  • ime, and attended at first by many as being so, gave a different turn to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • to the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and
  • o the minds of young men entering the medical profession, and called on at an early period to go abroad. Many began to trace the
  • .
  • called
  • alled on at an early period to go abroad
  • Many began to trace the
  • Many began to trace the beautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of the singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      This shows the Dr. Smith`s exploration about the natural beauty In Africa was influenced by the lectures he was taught when he was still in University.
  • eautiful gradations and analogies of structure in the frames of
  • he
  • he singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visited
  • singular animals inhabiting the different countries they visite
  • imbibed
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Imbibed * It is to absorb something. * The process of swallowing something or to consume it
  • zeal
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Zeal * It is the great energy or enthusiasm in pursuit of a cause or an objective
  • Museum at Cape Town
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Cape Town is a city In South Afrca
  • Sparrman
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sparrman published several works, the best known of which is his account of his travels in South Africa and with Cook, published in English as A voyage to the Cape of Good Hope, towards the Antarctic polar circle, and round the world: But chiefly into the country of the Hottentots and Caffres, from the year 1772 to 1776 (1789). He also published a Catalogue of the Museum Carlsonianum (1786-89), in which he described many of the specimens he had collected in South Africa and the South Pacific, some of which were new to science. He published an Ornithology of Sweden in 1806.
  • Le Vaillant,
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      He was a French author, explorer, naturalist, zoological collector, travel writer, and noted ornithologist. He reported numerous new bird species based on birds he gathered in Africa, and some birds bear his name. He was among the first to use colour plates to illustrate birds and was opposed to Carl Linnaeus's use of binomial nomenclature, preferring to use descriptive French names such as bateleur (meaning "tumbler or tight-rope walker") for the peculiar African eagle. He explored most of the Southern African`s country by his time.
  • ex.
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Excursions are trips that are/were taken by explorers around the world.
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • ex. cursions
  • cursion
    • makheda
      makheda on 26 Apr 23
       
      Question: Why did the Zoologist explorers explored Southern Africa?
nhlangotisn

Blantyre Mission stephen green.pdf - 1 views

Simphiwe Nhlangoti

shared by nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • 6 THE NYASALAND JOURNAL BLANTYRE MISSION By Rev. Stephen Green T was appropriate that the Scottish missionaries who came to the Shire Highlands in 1876 should call their settlement Blantyre, the name of David Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire. For Scotland had some three years before been deeply moved by the story of Livingstone's death at Ilala and of the devotion of his African friends who carried his body to the coast that it might be brought home to lie in Westminster Abbey. Livingstone had spoken with enthusiasm
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      Livingstone - refers to David Livingstone, a Scottish missionary and explorer who passed through the Shire Highlands in 1859 and spoke highly of the area for missionary settlement. Blantyre - the name of the settlement founded by Scottish missionaries in the Shire Highlands in 1876. The name comes from Livingstone's birthplace in Lanarkshire, Scotland. Church of Scotland - refers to the Presbyterian denomination of Christianity that sent the Scottish missionaries to the Shire Highlands. The Free Church of Scotland had already sent pioneers to Livingstonia Mission in 1875. Henry Henderson - the missionary sent by the Church of Scotland to find a suitable site near Lake Malawi for a new mission, but who eventually settled on the Shire Highlands. Magomero - the site of the Universities' Mission, which had been founded in response to Livingstone's challenge and appeal fifteen years prior. Medical officer - Dr. T. T. Macklin, who accompanied the mission party from Scotland to the Shire Highlands in 1876 and was handed leadership of the mission upon arrival. Artisan missionaries - refers to the five skilled tradesmen who accompanied the mission party from Scotland and were tasked with construction and manual work for the mission. Challenge - the mission to continue the work that Livingstone had begun in the area, as he had spoken highly of the Shire Highlands as a suitable location for missionary settlement
  • Henderson left them encamped by the Shire while he went up to make preparations for their arrival. He found at the place of his choice half-ruined huts, the owners of which had fled to the hills to escape a raid of the Angoni. Some of these he repaired sufficiently to be of service as temporary shelter, and then returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. It was reached by them on the 23rd. October,
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      On October 23rd, 1936, Sir Harold Kittermaster unveiled a memorial tablet set in a cairn of stones on the spot where the fig tree had stood. The cairn is made up of sixty stones, each one bearing the name of one of the congregations of the Presbytery of Blantyre, which at that date numbered sixty. Henderson repaired half-ruined huts at the chosen site and returned to lead his colleagues to their destination. They arrived at Blantyre on October 23rd, and encamped under a large fig tree. Dr. Macklin took over the leadership of the mission after Henderson handed it over to him, and he began making friends with neighbouring chiefs and headmen. African helpers were instructed in various kinds of manual work, and a school was opened. Sons of the Makololo chiefs down on the River attended the school as boarders, and they brought slaves with them to wait upon them, which Dr. Clement Scott promptly stopped. Refugee slaves sought asylum at the mission and were received and assured of protection, which led to bitter hostility to the mission on the part of chiefs who had a direct interest in the slave trade. The original pioneer band contained no ordained missionary, and one was not appointed until 1878. Dr. Laws and Dr. Stewart came from Livingstonia for temporary duty as Head of the Mission, and Mr. James Stewart, a civil engineer, was also lent for a time from Livingstonia, and his services were of great value in the laying out of the station and the garden.
  • THE NYASALAND JOURNAL The first minister to be appointed to Blantyre was the Reverend Duff Macdonald, afterwards Minister of South Dalziel, Mother well. In a remarkably short time he acquired a good knowledge of Yao and produced Yao schoolbooks and translations. He also made a special study of local customs and folklore, and his book Africana is still a leading authority.
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph describes the establishment of the Blantyre settlement by Scottish missionaries in Nyasaland (now Malawi) and the challenges they faced. The first minister appointed was Reverend Duff Macdonald, who quickly gained knowledge of the local language (Yao) and customs, producing schoolbooks and translations. Mission work also began at Zomba, but was later abandoned for Domasi station. The missionaries faced hostility from some local chiefs due to their anti-slavery policy and their need to exercise civil jurisdiction over Africans. The inexperience of the missionaries led to the adoption of measures inconsistent with Christian aims, and some in Scotland advised withdrawal. However, the Head of the Mission and two others were recalled, and a new minister, David Clement Ruffelle Scott, was sent out. Scott was a versatile man with qualities of leadership who re-organized the Mission's work. He designed Blantyre Church and produced an encyclopedic dictionary of the Mang'anja language, widely known as Scott's Dictionary. Under his leadership, the Mission compensated slave owners who established claims to slaves in sanctuary at the Mission, and formed friendly relations with chiefs.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • sister of Dr. John Bowie, had also contracted it. On his way, through torrential rains and across rivers in flood, he received the news that Mrs. Henderson was dead and Dr. Bowie, who had sucked the tracheotomy tube in a desperate effort to save the child's life, was down with diphtheria. All that Affleck Scott and Dr. Henry Scott, who had come from Domasi, could do was of no avail, and Bowie also died. Very soon after, Henry Henderson on his way home with Mrs. Bowie and Mrs. Clement Scott (another sister of Dr. Bowie) died at Q
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      The paragraph discusses the history of the Scottish Presbyterian mission in Nyasaland (now Malawi) during the late 19th century. The mission aimed to spread Christianity to the local population while also attempting to curb the practice of slavery. The text describes several missionaries who played important roles in this effort, including Robert Cleland, Clement Scott, and William Affleck Scott. The paragraph begins by recounting an event in which Scott and Henderson attempted to persuade the Angoni chiefs to cease raiding the Shire Highlands, which was successful in preventing future attacks. The narrative then shifts to describe the establishment of a sub-station at Chiradzulu and the difficulties encountered by Cleland when attempting to found a new station at Mlanje. The paragraph notes that Cleland passed away from illness before he could fully establish the new station. The text then describes the efforts of William Affleck Scott, who joined the mission in 1889 and devoted himself wholeheartedly to spreading the Gospel. Although he did not achieve his ambition of founding a station in Angoniland, he served at several locations in Nyasaland and also participated in expeditions to Portuguese East Africa. The paragraph ends with a tragic account of Henry Henderson's family members succumbing to diphtheria while on their way back to Blantyre, with Affleck Scott and Henry Scott unable to save them despite their efforts
  • he vernacular. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the natural effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi only ten miles distant. The latter, with its square mile of mission land offering facilities for school boarding, evangelists' training, teachers' refresher courses, etc., was much more suitable as the head? quarters of a large district, but as staffing difficulties increased it was the station that suffered more than any other from lack of staff. Work was developed from Domasi in the district to the north-east between Chikala Hill and Lake Chiuta, and for long the dream was cherished of transferring the station to a central site in that district. An exchange of land could have been
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      This paragraph discusses the development of the Blantyre Church, which was built between 1888 and 1891, with Dr. Affleck Scott describing the various people involved in its construction. Despite criticism of the elaborate building, Dr. Scott defends it as a means of bringing more people to the area and teaching them about the benefits of hard work and beauty. The year 1891 also saw the beginning of the administration of Nyasaland as a British protectorate, which had an impact on the work of the Mission. Means of communication improved, making it easier for various Christian forces in the country to make contact. In 1900, the first of a series of missionary conferences was held, with representatives from various missions in attendance. These conferences have been valuable in discussing issues and demonstrating spiritual unity. In 1904, the Federation of Missions was formed with a Consultative Board, which discussed questions of common interest. The development of Zomba as a mission station had the effect of detracting from the importance of Domasi. The dream of transferring the station to a central site in the district to the northeast was never realized, despite repeated appeals from the people.
  • In this matter the missions were very greatly indebted to the Reverend W. H. Murray of the Dutch Reformed Church Mission, who was set free for a time by his Church for translation work, and who not only did much of it himself, but also co-ordinated the work of the other translators. Later Dr. Murray earned the further gratitude of the Church in the Central and Southern Provinces by revising the whole of the text, introducing the new orthography, and adding marginal references, work in which he was ably assisted by Mrs. Murray. Thus Nyanja-speaking Christians in Nyasaland and far beyond its bounds have an admirable version of the whole of the Scriptures which, thanks to the National Bible Society of Scotland and the British and Foreign Bible Society, can be bought for the modest
    • nhlangotisn
      nhlangotisn on 29 Apr 23
       
      he paragraph provides a historical account of the Blantyre Mission's work in Portuguese East Africa, particularly in the establishment of mission stations and the growth of the Church of Scotland's congregation. In 1898, an effort was made to extend the work to the east of Lake Chirwa, but the Portuguese authorities objected to the founding of a mission until they had pacified the country. The Mihecani station was finally opened in 1913, while the Panthumbi station was later moved to Bemvu, where it was under the leadership of Harry Matecheta. The policy of centralization was adopted in 1904, and technical and industrial training was concentrated in Blantyre, while other stations were free to develop evangelistic and junior school work. The Henry Henderson Institute was built to accommodate extra pupils. The mission played an essential role in training carpenters, builders, gardeners, and clerks, who found employment in government offices and commercial concerns. The Mlanje Mission was removed to a new site in the early 1930s. In 1924, the Presbyteries of Livingstonia and Blantyre entered into an incorporating union in the Church of Central Africa (Presbyterian), and the first Synod of that Church was constituted at Livingstonia. Blantyre missionaries played a significant role in Bible translation.
kwanelealicia

WO 106/6135: South Africa: Orange River Free State and Griqualand West - Document - Nin... - 5 views

go.gale.com/...retrieve.do

Kwanele Buthelezi History 2A

shared by kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • The Orange Free State
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State was a Boer republic in southern Africa. The Boers, of Dutch ancestry, had settled the area earlier in the nineteenth century. The 1854 Bloemfontein Convention recognized the independence of the Orange Free State, which was located between the Orange and the Vaal Rivers.
  • To the action of running water the diamond-bearing drifts of the Vaal River are referable.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The gemstone-bearing floats of the Vaal River in South Africa can be attributed to the flow of water.
  • Occasionally there are undula¬ tions, and in some parts conical hills, the sides of. which are covered with large and rounded stones. Very little wood or bush appears anywhere except along the winding river lines.t Hilly, therefore, as is the whole extent of the eastern frontier, the entire country slopes away to low unbroken levels on the west, thus materially modifying not only the physical features, but productions and climate
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The author states that occasionally there are undulations, and in some part's conical hills, the sides of which are covered with large and rounded stones. Very little wood or bush appears anywhere except along the winding river lines.t Hilly, therefore, as is the whole extent of the eastern frontier, the entire country slopes away to low unbroken levels on the west, thus materially modifying not only the physical features, but productions and climate.
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • Griqualand West
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Griqualand West is an area of N South Africa, north of the Orange river, settled after 1803 by the Griquas; annexed by the British in 1871 following a dispute with the Orange Free State; became part of the Cape Colony in 1880.
  • They are of two dates. The older one, apparently Postpliocene, occurs at a higher level than the other, as outliers along the present valley (its present posi¬ tion) indicate that the Vaal has deepened its course since the old drift was deposited." Dunn's Geological Map of South Africa gives some further information concerning this country.* From this it appears that the western half of the Orange River Free State, a line being drawn north and south a little east of Bloemfontein, is classified as " Upper Karroo Beds. " Triassic. " Mesozooic." The eastern half is designated " Stormberg Beds, Coal-bearing. " Triassic. " Mesozooic.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Two dates are involved. As outliers along the existing valley (its present position) suggest that the Vaal has deepened its course after the old drift was deposited, the older one, likely Postpliocene, appears at a higher level than the other. Additional details about South Africa are provided by Dunn's Geological Map of that nation. This suggests that the western part of the Orange River Free State, which can be divided into north and south by a line drawn a little east of Bloemfontein, is referred to as the "Upper Karroo Beds." Mesozoic. Triassic. The eastern portion is referred to as "Stormberg Beds, Coal-bearing." Mesozoic. Triassic.
  • The Stormbsrg Range, in the Cape Colony, acts in the same way on the southern side of the plateau ; while to the north-west and on the west are the arid and sunburnt wastes of the Kalahari Desert. One result of this environment is the frequency of droughts ; another is the suitability of climate to especial forms of chest disease
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      New interesting information
  • rivulets
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      A rivulet is a small stream.
  • Transvaal
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The name "Transvaal" refers to the province's geographical location to the north of the Vaal River
  • The aspect of the Orange State is not, however, by any means that of a waste desert, worthless and unproductive. Many of the mountains are of that peculiar formation in which small fountains gush out about half-way down their slopes, and the water gradually spreads to the right and the left in small gentle
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      By no means, however, does the Orange State have the image of a waste desert that is useless and unproductive. Many of the mountains have an unusual formation whereby small fountains spring up about halfway downward their slopes, and their water then spreads gradually to the right and left in small, gentle rivulets until, at the base, all of the excess water is combined and improves the whole region around it.
  • The Free State contains an area of about 70,000 square miles. It is about 300 miles from the southernmost bend of the Orange River to the point in the north at wiiich the Klip River runs into the Vaal, and about 250 miles from Jacob's Drift on the west, across which Griqualand Weet is entered, to Bezui- denhout's Pass on the east, which is one of the gateways into Natal.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Author describes The Free State as an area of around 70,000 square kilometers. The distance between the southernmost bend of the Orange River and the northernmost point where the Klip River enters the Vaal is about 300 miles, and the distance between Jacob's Drift on the west, through which Griqualand Wet is entered, and Bezuidenhout's Pass on the east, one of the entryways into Natal, is about 250 miles.
  • is divided into 13 districts, as follows :— t 1. Bloemfontein, —Chief town, Bloemfontein, capital of the State, and seat of Government. 2. Boshof. —Chief town, Boshof, of western frontier. 3. Winhurg. —Chief town, Winburg, 60 miles north-east of Bloemfontein. 4. Kronstadt. —Chief town, Kronstadt, half-way between Winburg and the Transvaal boundary. 5. Smitlifield. —Chief town, Smithfield, about 20 miles north of Aliwal North, Reddesberg (between Smithfield and Bloem¬ fontein. 6. Rouxville. —[Not marked on any map,] Chief town, Wepener, between Caledon River and eastern frontier. 7. Harry smith. —Chief town, Harrysmith, close to the Natal border. 8. Bethlehem.— Chief town, Bethlehem, 80 miles east of Winburg, and between Winburg and the Natal frontier. 9. Fauresmith. —Chief town, Fauresmith, south-west of Bloemfontein, and half-way between it and the Orange River. 10. PhilUpolù. — ("hief town, Phillipolis, north of the Orange River (20 miles) on the ( 'elesberg-Bloemfontein route. 11. Betkulie. —Chief town, Bethulie, on the Orange River, near the junction of the Caledon River.,
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The Orange Free State is divided into 13 districts, as follows: 1. Bloemfontein, which serves as the state capital and government seat. 2. Boshof. The western frontier's chief town is called Boshof. 3. Winhurg. The chief town of Winburg is located 60 kilometers to the northeast of Bloemfontein. 4. Kronstadt, which is the principal town and located halfway between Winburg and the Transvaal border. 5. Smitlifield. Chief town in Smithfield, Reddesberg, located between Smithfield and Bloem fontein, about 20 miles north of Aliwal North. Rouxville, 6.Wepener is the main town between the Caledon River and the eastern border. 7. Harry Smith. Harrysmith is a main town near the Natal border. 8. Bethlehem. The main city of Bethlehem is located 80 miles east of Winburg and halfway between Winburg and the Natal border. 9. Fauresmith, which is the town's major location and is southwest of Bloemfontein, 10. phillipolis, 11. Bethulie, 12. Jacobsdal and 13. Lady Brand.
  • The air of the Free State is remarkable for its dryness
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      How so?
  • The "Flats" of the Free State are cha: ic features of the,. called " Quatlamba" or " Kathlamba
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Interesting
  • sanatorium
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      an establishment for the medical treatment of people who are convalescing or have a chronic illness.
  • Here the vegetation bears an appearance of the richest, rankest kind. From the various points from whence the streams originate the inhabitants commence cultivation, and the district is thick with com and other agricultural produce
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The vegetation appears to be of the richest, vilest variety here. The locals start farming at the numerous spots where the streams emerge, and the area is abundant in com and other agricultural products.
  • Dr. J. A. Ross, late Physician to the Newrý Infirmary, who has published the results of his inquiries, says, "I have a strong feeling in favoni· of South Africa. I know what good has been effected by it
  • The State is an oval in shape, and nearly 1,000 miles in circumference. Its nearest peint to the Indian Ocean is ata distance of 150 miles. The point at which the Orange River leaves the above territory is, in a direct line, about 500 miles from the Atlantic Ocean.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Description of the structure of the Free state.
  • The Free State is almost surrounded by rivers. The Klip, a little tributary of the Vaal, the Vaal§ itself, the Orange,|| and the Caledon, form quite five-sixths of its boundary line
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Rivers almost completely encircle the Free State. A tiny tributary of the Vaal named the Klip, along with the Vaal itself, the Orange, and the Caledon, make up around five-sixths of its border.
  • Europeans who have resided in the Cape Colony speak highly of its climate; yet the colonists themselves consider the Free State much superior, and send their invalids there.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Even if the colonists themselves think the Free State is far preferable and send their invalids there, Europeans who have lived in the Cape Colony praise its climate.
  • The Free State is part of the table-land of southern Africa
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      This is new interesting information to me.
  • The proximity of the State to the tropics secures for it a tropical degree of warmth, which, however, is so tempered by winds and by the elevation of the country above the level of the sea, that the effect of the heat is not of a paralyzing nature
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      The State enjoys a tropical degree of temperature thanks to its proximity to the tropics; the effect of the heat is not paralyzing, though, thanks to the country's elevation above sea level and the prevailing breezes, which also help to moderate the heat.
  • The seasons date conversely to the corresponding periods in England. For instance, the summer begins in October, and ends in March ; the winter is the dry season, the Slimmer the wet. Owing to the latitude there is comparatively little difierence in the length of the days, the longest day being about 14 hours in duration and the shortest 10.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      New interesting information
  • until at the base the whole of the surplus water is united, and enriches the entire surrounding country
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      continuation from the yellow highlight, I could not highlight the entire paragraph because of the blue sticky note.
  • For a considerable distance along both banks of the above- mentioned rivers there are broad belts of sweet grass, which, on the Modder especially, alternate with low bushes,1T mimosas, and a species of bastard ebony.
    • kwanelealicia
      kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
       
      Broad bands of pleasant greenery, particularly on the Modder, overlap among low shrubs, mimosas, and a kind of bastard ebony for considerable length along both banks of the aforementioned rivers.
  • kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
     
    This article was printed for H.M Stationary office, by Harrison and Sons, ST. Martins Lane in 1878.
  • kwanelealicia on 25 Apr 23
     
    Page 1-18 only.
rikarooi

ZULU WAR ONLINE ARTICLE.pdf - 5 views

RIKA MMATHAPELO ROOI 220141329

shared by rikarooi on 26 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • T he Anglo-Zulu war is perhaps the most well known colonial campaign of the V ictorian or any other era
  • ut before the discovery of gold in 1886, the region was poor and unpromising –
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Therefore, the British army had a desire for the Zulu population to provide labor.
  • the aim of this paper is to challenge some of these assumptions and to put forward a more radical and, I think, a more plausible answer to the question of why there was an Anglo-Zulu war in 1879.
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      There are various perspectives concerning the Zulu war.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • 18 000 Europea
  • settlers
  • ritannica but with the emergence of the USA,
  • Other theorists have argued that Zululand was conquered to turn the Zulu warriors into miners and farm labourers, b
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Similar to the context of slavery. The British or European army (capitalists wanted to oppress the lower class (in this case the Zulu people)
  • efore 1860, Britain had had no serious rivals for her easy dominance of trade and empire expressed in the idea of Pa
  • ir Bartle Frere an
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      The former governor of the Bombay presidency
  • And at the tip of this iceberg was Lord Carnarvon, whose first act as Colonial Secretary was to order a thoroughgoing imperial defence review
  • The first visible sign of this review in Natal was the building of Fort Durnford at Estcourt and Fort Amiel at Newcastle.
  • t Lucia Bay in the north of Zululand was annexed in 1886 without the knowledge of th
  • Colonial Secretary while Zululand itself was finally annexed in 1887 by Melmoth Osborn on his own initiative.
  • up the Political and Secret Committee (a fact that was carefully omitted from his tombstone biography) and shepherded the Prince of Wales on his tour of India in 1876 – no mean feat, given Bertie the Boundah’s extra-curricular interests
  • esponsibility for starting the Zulu war – it was the work of Sir Bartle Frere, British High Commissioner
  • Henry Bartle Edward Frere was born at Bath in 1815, joined the East India Company in 1834 and went to work in the Bombay presidency, where he rose rapidly through the ranks – it helped that he married the governor’s daughter – to become the Chief Commissioner of Sind on the North West frontier, member of the Viceroy’s Council (1859–62) and ultimately, the legendary Governor of Bombay (1862–7). For a short period after the mutiny he was, de facto, Viceroy of India as everyone else on the Council had died or was in England. On his return to England he served on the India Council heading
    • rikarooi
      rikarooi on 26 Apr 23
       
      Sir Henry Bartle Frere's biography
  • Frere was sent out to South Africa not to tame the Zulus but to get ready to fight the Russians.
  • ujhistprof on 19 May 23
     
    Counts as your general historical source (not Diigo or T&F)
zenethian

'Butchering the Brutes All Over the Place': Total War and Massacre in Zululand, 1879.pdf - 2 views

Zenethian VanRoss

shared by zenethian on 21 Apr 23 - No Cached
  • lu king. The article concludes that these events resulted not from the actions of individuals but rather from the logic of European imperialism faced with the possibility of defeat by a black Afri
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      European imperialism was the ultimate cause of the Zulu-war in 1879.
  • the Zulu 'capital' of Ulundi. The
  • ing acts of barbarism by the British.2 The initial
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British actions was merciless and inhumane.
  • ...25 more annotations...
  • the war came to be celebrated in Britain as an example of heroic warfare between well-matched warriors, a conflict given added excitement by the contrast between the (noble) savagery of the Zulus and the civilized discipline of the British. In popular histories, as well as in real-life adventure books for boys and in novels of imperial adventure, the war
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British taught of their actions as heroic.
  • gh, in recent years, academic historians, many of them based at the University of Natal and writing in the Journal of Natal and Zulu History, have begun a critical reappraisal of the historical process of which the war was
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      African scholars has began to write on the Zulu-War.
  • vast audience through the films Zulu and Zulu
  • This perspective on events has, until recently, formed the basis of most interpretations of the war even in books which criticize the British commanders, the justice of the invasion or aspects of
  • itish troops; of the massacres of wounded Zulus after the British victories at Rorke's Drift, Khambula, Gingin dlovu and Ulundi; and of the systematic burning of kraals and confis cation of cattle, the economic basis o
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Highlights the ultimate defeat of the Zulus.
  • emerged necessarily from the pathology of empire when confronted with the possibility of def
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British trough their worry of possible defeat by a native people worried them ,and caused them to become inhuman and merciless.
  • estroy their gardens'.26 The burning of kraals was matched by the systematic seizure of large numbers of Zulu
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British seized the Zulu people cattle and burnt their kraals.
  • Before the war started Sir Bartle Frere, the high-commissioner, insisted to the Zulus that the war was to be fought against their tyrant
  • '.8 In this spirit Lord Chelmsford laid down guidelines for the conduct of the war, emphasizing to native regiments in particular that 'no prisoners, women or children were to be harmed in any way' and there i
  • The events at the start of the war dramatically altered British percep tions and policies. The British launched their invasion on 11 January 1879. Within two weeks a British column was annihilated at the battle of Isandlwana. Over 850 white and several hundred black soldiers were killed and most of the dead were ritually cut open, the Zulu custom in war: Zulus did not take prison
  • killing and, as the British saw it, mutilation of the dead, created a mood of revenge whi
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      A very ugly , inhuman revenge.
  • Zulus were represented as barely human.1 In opposition to this v
  • ts. Beyond this, Ashe assured his readers that the British army respected the dwellings of the Zulu people and insisted that, with regard 'to the farming and domestic kraals, it may without fear of contradiction be asserted, after minute and careful enquiries, that no single instance can be adduced in which her Majesty's troops ever attacked or molested such unless first attacked and
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British were still cowards.
  • Thus, Norris-Newman wrote that 'the monotony of camp life was broken and varied by cavalry expeditions, in one of which ... under Major Barrow and Lord Gifford, the large military Kraal of Empang weni one of Cetshwayo's chief places, about fifteen miles away, was effectually destroyed, as well as all the kraals f
  • British waited for reinforcements to arrive, before they could launch a second invasion, the realization that the Zulus could not easily be tamed by a 'military promenade' rapidly produced alternative strategic proposals.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The British awaited to put into action a second invasion.
  • ore anxious will they be to see it brought to an end.'32 The result of this systematic strategy of the burning of homes, the seizure of cattle in areas which the Zulus had not evacuated and of the destruction of the economic foundations of Zululand was to reduce society to the brink of starvation in many areas, a feature recorded in various accounts of the aftermath o
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The aftermath is horrendous.
  • d said, "The English soldiers have eaten us up. I have lost my cattle, I have no mealies, I and my people are starving.
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      A quote.
  • II It was a strategy increasingly backed up as the war progressed by the slaughter of those trying to surrender and of the wounded. T
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Again: it was utterly merciless and cowardly.
  • British heroic represen
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      Even after this there was still heroic representations of Britain. INCREDIBLE!
  • were the actions of black levies but letters written at the time give a different impression: 'We have much to avenge and please God we will do it. I pity the Zulus that fall into our hands. You would feel as I do if you had seen the awful scenes I did on the night of 22nd
  • Hamilton-Browne's hearty tone and his use of the language of the grouse moor belies even his perfunctory regrets over the killing of the wounded. While it is true that Hamilton-Browne does not mention the involvement of any imperial officers in the sla
  • ver, that such defences are misconceived in the context of many incidents in 1879. Captain Hallam Parr, who was on Lord Chelmsford's staff, vehemently denied that British officers could be involved in su
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      They were certainly involved.
  • Hallam Parr was wrong about the aftermath of Rorke's Drift; but the behaviour of some British soldiers after that incident was to seem restrained compared to the massacres carried out later in
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The massacre demonstrates further the brutality of the British.
  • the British killed about 800 of t
  • en Zulu Army was chased like a floc
    • zenethian
      zenethian on 21 Apr 23
       
      The comparison, highlights my point that the Zulus were not treated as human. They only wanted to exploit Africa and its resources.
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