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This paper (open-access) looks at the future needs for 14 metals, including copper, in the context of the energy transition. Coming from a credible source, the paper presents a balanced and reasonably complete perspective adding a new geopolitical element. For the latter, the Herfindahl-Hirschman index, well known from competition policy, is introduced, and 14 metals are compared to the geopolitics of oil. Interesting as well is the discussion what mineral revenues mean for producer countries.

"Global Trends 2030 is intended to stimulate thinking about the rapid and vast geopolitical changes characterizing the world today and possible global trajectories over the next 15 years."

"The focus of spending is on building a China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) - a network of roads, railway and pipelines between the long-time allies."

Power, it is universally acknowledged, is shifting to Asia. What that really means, however, is that the continent's biggest countries, China and India, are at last modernizing and achieving sustained economic development, just as Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan did before them. With their development comes increased influence, importance, and capabilities. All this will make the old-established powers of the West no less capable, influential, or important-but they will be a lot less dominant.