All steps beyond the formation of pregnenolone take place in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum
Group items matching
in title, tags, annotations or url
1More
shared by spineneuro on 11 May 22
- No Cached
Now Awake Spinal Fusion Surgery In India - 0 views
www.briefingwire.com/...spinal-fusion-surgery-in-india
spinal fusion surgery spinal fusion surgery recovery spine fusion
shared by spineneuro on 11 May 22
- No Cached
-
Any manner that calls for access to the spinal nerves, vertebrae, and discs involves transferring the muscle tissue. Advances in minimally invasive surgery for spinal fusion surgery have supposed there is less tissue dilation and muscle dissection. Specifically, with minimally invasive spine surgical operation, small incisions can allow access for instruments or microscopic cameras, in place of the conventional long incision.
1More
shared by indiacardiacsurg on 07 Feb 22
- No Cached
High apoplexy Reduction with No-Touch Beating Heart Bypass Surgery - 0 views
www.briefingwire.com/...h-beating-heart-bypass-surgery
Dr. Naresh Trehan heart specialist India Best Cardiac Surgeon in Medanta Gurgaon Delhi Medanta Gurgaon Delhi
shared by indiacardiacsurg on 07 Feb 22
- No Cached
-
The no-touch beating heart technique completed "without aortic manipulation, at the same time as achieved best by a minority of surgeons, has an essential place within the risk patient undergoing CABG," commented Dr. Naresh Trehan heart specialist India. Email id: - nareshtrehan@indiacardiacsurgerysite.com Call: - +91-9370586696
1More
shared by spineneuro on 10 Feb 22
- No Cached
Dr. Vidyadhara S India Introduces ClarifEye Augmented Reality Spine Surgical Navigation - 0 views
www.briefingwire.com/...lity-spine-surgical-navigation
Dr. Vidyadhara S Best Spine Surgeon Manipal Bangalore dr vidyadhara s reviews Manipal hospital
shared by spineneuro on 10 Feb 22
- No Cached
-
"Augmented reality surgical navigation facilitates us to place pedicle screws in positions wherein we simply couldn't or would not do in any other case," said Dr. Vidyadhara S India. Contact Details Dr. Vidyadhara S. Best Spine Surgeon Manipal Bangalore
1More
shared by indian-health on 26 Mar 22
- No Cached
Eye Surgery In India Will Improve Your Vision to Decrease Your Need for Glasses - 0 views
medical-tourism-magazine.blogspot.com/...est-eye-surgeons-in-delhi.html
Eye Surgery India Best Eye surgery hospitals in New Delhi Famous Eye Care center in Delhi Top Ophthalmologist of Delhi Minimum Cost of Eye Surgery Packages In Delhi Eye Surgeons In India Best Eye Surgeons of India Top Eye Surgeons In India Top 10 Eye Surg
shared by indian-health on 26 Mar 22
- No Cached
-
Increasing no of patients stricken by troubles, defects, and ailments of the vision are truly deciding on to travel distant places for low cost eye surgery India.
1More
shared by indian-health on 27 Dec 22
- No Cached
Affordable Eye Surgery Cost In India Helping you See Beautiful World - 0 views
indianhealthguruconsultant.blogspot.com/...eye-surgery-cost-in-india.html
Affordable Eye Surgery Cost In India Eye Surgery Cost Eye Surgery India low eye surgery cost in India Top eye surgeons in India List of best eye surgery hospitals India List of best eye surgery hospitals best eye surgery hospitals
shared by indian-health on 27 Dec 22
- No Cached
-
A growing no of patients suffering from problems, defects, and ailments of vision are simply choosing to travel to distant places for low eye surgery costs in India.
Amazing Wedding Venue - 1 views
A truly Impressive Wedding Venue - 2 views
A Very Special Wedding Venue - 1 views
Premiere Day Spa Service - 1 views
Amazing Wedding Venue - 1 views
26More
Endocrinology of the Aging Male - 0 views
-
-
Cytochrome P450 enzyme, CYP11A is located on the inner mitochondrial membrane and catalyses the rate limiting step of pregnenolone synthesis
-
Estrogen and related steroids, thyroid hormone and insulin increase SHBG levels.
- ...21 more annotations...
-
SHBG decreases in response to androgens, and in the presence of hypothyroidism, and insulin resistance.
-
Plasma SHBG levels tend to increase with increasing age
-
The apparent metabolic clearance rate of testosterone is decreased in elderly as compared to younger men
-
Testosterone circulates predominantly bound to the plasma proteins SHBG and albumin, with high and low affinity respectively
-
Testosterone is secreted in a pulsatile fashion
-
Current clinical guidelines suggest at least two measurements
-
In adult men, there is a well-documented diurnal variation (particularly in younger subjects) in testosterone levels, which are highest in the early morning and progressively decline throughout the day to a nadir in the evening
-
In older men, the diurnal variation is blunted
-
it is standard practice for samples to be obtained between 0800 and 1100 h.
-
Testosterone and DHEA decline, whereas LH, FSH, and SHBG rise
-
DHT remains constant despite the decline of its precursor testosterone
-
Longitudinal studies show an average annual decline of 1–2% total testosterone levels, with decline in free testosterone more rapid because of increases in SHBG with aging
-
Massachusetts Male Aging Study (MMAS) data show DHEA, DHEAS, and Ae declining at 2–3% per year
-
DHT showed no cross-sectional age trend
-
Androstanediol glucuronide (AAG) declined cross-sectionally with age in the MMAS sample, at 0.6% per year
-
The EMAS data show that, consistent with the longitudinal findings of MMAS (Figure 1), the core hormonal pattern with increasing age is suggestive of incipient primary testicular dysfunction with maintained total testosterone and progressively blunted free testosterone associated with higher LH
-
This author proves the point in the review of these two studies, that TT may remain constant in aging men, however, FT drops.
-
-
obesity impairs hypothalamic/pituitary function
-
Androgen deprivation in men with prostate cancer has been associated with increased insulin resistance, worse glycemic control, and a significant increase in risk of incident diabetes
-
Low serum testosterone is associated with the development of metabolic syndrome 116, 117 and type 2 diabetes. 118 SHBG has been inversely correlated with type 2 diabetes
-
Improvement in insulin sensitivity with testosterone treatment has been reported in healthy 121 and diabetic 122 adult men
-
In studies conducted in men with central adiposity, testosterone has been shown to inhibit lipoprotein lipase activity in abdominal adipose tissue leading to decreased triglyceride uptake in central fat depots. 123
The Best Moving Company - 1 views
Premiere Day Spa Service - 1 views
A truly Impressive Wedding Venue - 1 views
1More
shared by wheelchairindia9 on 16 Oct 15
- No Cached
Karma KM 2500 Wheelchair - 0 views
www.wheelchairprice.in/...KM-2500-Small-Wheel-Wheelchair
Easily Folds KM 2500 Small Wheel Wheelchair convenient storage and transportation KM 2500 Wheelchair Karma KM 2500 Wheelchair Karma KM 2500 suitable for traveling purposes easy to clean
shared by wheelchairindia9 on 16 Oct 15
- No Cached
-
Karma KM 2500 Small Wheel Wheelchair: Karma KM 2500 Small Wheel Wheelchair Specifications: Width 18" Front/Rear Wheels 6" to 14" Seat Width 47cm Seat Depth 40cm Overall Width 66cm Overall Collapsed Width 36cm Armrest Height 21cm Overall Length 90cm Seat Height 47cm Backrest Height 38cm Overall Height 86cm Weight 9.2 k.g. Karma KM 2500 Small Wheel Wheelchair Seat and Back: AEGIS Microbe Shield Approved by the FDA, EPA, EU, etc., bonded anti-microbial barrier upholstery protects from odor, staining and deterioration from bacteria, fungus and other microorganisms. It is a shield for your health. Karma KM 2500 Small Wheel Wheelchair Extended Armrest: By simulating the natural position of arms, the extended armrest design is ergonomic and creates bigger seating space. An Ultra lightweight wheelchair (9.2 kg) with a compact design for either attendant assisted or self propelling users. The use of aircraft-grade aluminium alloy and double cross brace provide this model with outstanding strength and durability. Karma Healthcare KM-2500 Premium Wheelchair is amazingly light and compact transit wheelchair which is ideal for outings and travelers. It folds down to take up virtually no space in the boot of a car and weighs just over 9.2 kg making it easy for anyone to lift into a vehicle. Backrest folds-down for easy transportation. Maximum user weight: 100 K.g. Aluminium frame. Fixed armrest/fixed footrest. Foldable frame via double cross bars. Comfortable & durable upholstery. Swing-away foot plates. Puncture proof tyres. Attendant cable brake. 14" flat-free rear wheels. Detachable and washable cushion. One Year Warranty. It folds down to take up virtually no space in the boot of a car. This amazingly light and compact transit wheelchair is ideal for outings and travelling. It comes with detachable and washable cushion. The wheel chair has attendant cable brake. It is made from aircraft-grade aluminium alloy fra
1More
shared by wheelchairindia9 on 21 Mar 16
- No Cached
R O M Knee Brace - 0 views
www.wheelchairindia.com/...Tynor-R-O-M-Knee-Brace
Functional Braces Best for: Sports injuries after surgery functional knee braces knee rehabilitation program knee injuries or knee surgery free movement of the knee joint decrease knee pain improve knee stability
shared by wheelchairindia9 on 21 Mar 16
- No Cached
-
PF Night Splint Compared to plantar based splints, patients prefer dorsal models because they are less bulky, cooler, lower profile and easier to walk in at night. PF Night Splint includes all of these features and more. Neoprene calf and toe straps along with gel padding on the top of the foot help reduce pressure points and the plastic-free bottom offers safer nighttime ambulation. Even added more room in the forefoot to accommodate wider feet and new flexible shell allows easier nighttime ambulation without compromising the ability to hold the foot at 90° during rest. Finally, a plantar fasciitis splint patients will wear all night! Neoprene calf. Padded foam liner. Fits right or left. Not made with natural rubber latex. PF Night Splint (Derotation) Applications Prevention and correction of foot drop. Night splint for early healing. Ambulatory, can be used as a day splint. Perfect post-operative immobilisation and derotation. Peroneal / Peritibial nerve or muscle damage. Ankle or Plantar flexion contracture and functional alignment. Can be used to protect the diabetic/ injured ankle & foot. PF Night Splint (Derotation) Features Removable de-rotation bar. Moulded foot casing, aesthetically pleasing and durable. Effective Liner, improved comfort. Highly functional Design, customized degree of dorsiflexion. Double strapping mechanism, better grip. Tynor R O M Knee Brace Prefabricated, custom adjusted R.O.M. Knee Brace controls and restrict flexion/extension of the knee joint through a multi-point joint fixation system to allow a range of motion or immobilization to the knee. Universal design allows it to be used on quite a big range of population and for a multiple orthopedic problems associated with knee joint. Immobilization at any angle Controlled motion between any two angles Quick and easy application and removal. Tynor R O M Knee Brace Features R.O.M. Dial 0 to 120 degree flexion. 0 to 60 degree hyper extention Locking at any
64More
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Feb 14
- No Cached
Testosterone and glucose metabolism in men: current concepts and controversies - 0 views
joe.endocrinology-journals.org/...R37.full
Low T Testosterone metabolic syndrome MetS Diabetes men male glucose hormone hormones g
shared by Nathan Goodyear on 04 Feb 14
- No Cached
-
Around 50% of ageing, obese men presenting to the diabetes clinic have lowered testosterone levels relative to reference ranges based on healthy young men
-
The absence of high-level evidence in this area is illustrated by the Endocrine Society testosterone therapy in men with androgen deficiency clinical practice guidelines (Bhasin et al. 2010), which are appropriate for, but not specific to men with metabolic disorders. All 32 recommendations made in these guidelines are based on either very low or low quality evidence.
-
A key concept relates to making a distinction between replacement and pharmacological testosterone therapy
- ...59 more annotations...
-
The presence of symptoms was more closely linked to increasing age than to testosterone levels
-
Findings similar to type 2 diabetes were reported for men with the metabolic syndrome, which were associated with reductions in total testosterone of −2.2 nmol/l (95% CI −2.41 to 1.94) and in free testosterone
-
low testosterone is more predictive of the metabolic syndrome in lean men
-
Cross-sectional studies uniformly show that 30–50% of men with type 2 diabetes have lowered circulating testosterone levels, relative to references based on healthy young men
-
In a recent cross-sectional study of 240 middle-aged men (mean age 54 years) with either type 2 diabetes, type 1 diabetes or without diabetes (Ng Tang Fui et al. 2013b), increasing BMI and age were dominant drivers of low total and free testosterone respectively.
-
both diabetes and the metabolic syndrome are associated with a modest reduction in testosterone, in magnitude comparable with the effect of 10 years of ageing
-
In a cross-sectional study of 490 men with type 2 diabetes, there was a strong independent association of low testosterone with anaemia
-
In men, low testosterone is a marker of poor health, and may improve our ability to predict risk
-
-
low testosterone identifies men with an adverse metabolic phenotype
-
Diabetic men with low testosterone are significantly more likely to be obese or insulin resistant
-
increased inflammation, evidenced by higher CRP levels
-
Bioavailable but not free testosterone was independently predictive of mortality
-
It remains possible that low testosterone is a consequence of insulin resistance, or simply a biomarker, co-existing because of in-common risk factors.
-
In prospective studies, reviewed in detail elsewhere (Grossmann et al. 2010) the inverse association of low testosterone with metabolic syndrome or diabetes is less consistent for free testosterone compared with total testosterone
-
In a study from the Framingham cohort, SHBG but not testosterone was prospectively and independently associated with incident metabolic syndrome
-
low SHBG (Ding et al. 2009) but not testosterone (Haring et al. 2013) with an increased risk of future diabetes
-
In cross-sectional studies of men with (Grossmann et al. 2008) and without (Bonnet et al. 2013) diabetes, SHBG but not testosterone was inversely associated with worse glycaemic control
-
SHBG may have biological actions beyond serving as a carrier protein for and regulator of circulating sex steroids
-
In men with diabetes, free testosterone, if measured by gold standard equilibrium dialysis (Dhindsa et al. 2004), is reduced
-
-
-
Low free testosterone remains inversely associated with insulin resistance, independent of SHBG (Grossmann et al. 2008). This suggests that the low testosterone–dysglycaemia association is not solely a consequence of low SHBG.
-
Experimental evidence reviewed below suggests that visceral adipose tissue is an important intermediate (rather than a confounder) in the inverse association of testosterone with insulin resistance and metabolic disorders.
-
testosterone promotes the commitment of pluripotent stem cells into the myogenic lineage and inhibits their differentiation into adipocytes
-
testosterone regulates the metabolic functions of mature adipocytes (Xu et al. 1991, Marin et al. 1995) and myocytes (Pitteloud et al. 2005) in ways that reduce insulin resistance.
-
Pre-clinical evidence (reviewed in Rao et al. (2013)) suggests that at the cellular level, testosterone may improve glucose metabolism by modulating the expression of the glucose-transported Glut4 and the insulin receptor, as well as by regulating key enzymes involved in glycolysis.
-
More recently testosterone has been shown to protect murine pancreatic β cells against glucotoxicity-induced apoptosis
-
Interestingly, a reciprocal feedback also appears to exist, given that not only chronic (Cameron et al. 1990, Allan 2013) but also, as shown more recently (Iranmanesh et al. 2012, Caronia et al. 2013), acute hyperglycaemia can lower testosterone levels.
-
There is also evidence that testosterone regulates insulin sensitivity directly and acutely
-
In men with prostate cancer commencing androgen deprivation therapy, both total as well as, although not in all studies (Smith 2004), visceral fat mass increases (Hamilton et al. 2011) within 3 months
-
More prolonged (>12 months) androgen deprivation therapy has been associated with increased risk of diabetes in several large observational registry studies
-
Testosterone has also been shown to reduce the concentration of pro-inflammatory cytokines in some, but not all studies, reviewed recently in Kelly & Jones (2013). It is not know whether this effect is independent of testosterone-induced changes in body composition.
-
the observations discussed in this section suggest that it is the decrease in testosterone that causes insulin resistance and diabetes. One important caveat remains: the strongest evidence that low testosterone is the cause rather than consequence of insulin resistance comes from men with prostate cancer (Grossmann & Zajac 2011a) or biochemical castration, and from mice lacking the androgen receptor.
-
Several large prospective studies have shown that weight gain or development of type 2 diabetes is major drivers of the age-related decline in testosterone levels
-
there is increasing evidence that healthy ageing by itself is generally not associated with marked reductions in testosterone
-
Circulating testosterone, on an average 30%, is lower in obese compared with lean men
-
increased visceral fat is an important component in the association of low testosterone and insulin resistance
-
The vast majority of men with metabolic disorders have functional gonadal axis suppression with modest reductions in testosterone levels
-
obesity is a dominant risk factor
-
men with Klinefelter syndrome have an increased risk of metabolic disorders. Interestingly, greater body fat mass is already present before puberty
-
Only 5% of men with type 2 diabetes have elevated LH levels
-
inhibition of the gonadal axis predominantly takes place in the hypothalamus, especially with more severe obesity
-
Metabolic factors, such as leptin, insulin (via deficiency or resistance) and ghrelin are believed to act at the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) secretion from GNRH neurons situated in the preoptic area
-
kisspeptin has emerged as one of the most potent secretagogues of GNRH release
-
hypothesis that obesity-mediated inhibition of kisspeptin signalling contributes to the suppression of the HPT axis, infusion of a bioactive kisspeptin fragment has been recently shown to robustly increase LH pulsatility, LH levels and circulating testosterone in hypotestosteronaemic men with type 2 diabetes
-
A smaller study with a similar experimental design found that acute testosterone withdrawal reduced insulin sensitivity independent of body weight, whereas oestradiol withdrawal had no effects
-
suppression of the diabesity-associated HPT axis is functional, and may hence be reversible
-
Obesity and dysglycaemia and associated comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnoea (Hoyos et al. 2012b) are important contributors to the suppression of the HPT axis
-
weight gain and development of diabetes accelerate the age-related decline in testosterone
-
Modifiable risk factors such as obesity and co-morbidities are more strongly associated with a decline in circulating testosterone levels than age alone
-
55% of symptomatic androgen deficiency reverted to a normal testosterone or an asymptomatic state after 8-year follow-up, suggesting that androgen deficiency is not a stable state
-
Weight loss can reactivate the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis
-
Leptin treatment resolves hypogonadism in leptin-deficient men
-
The hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis remains responsive to treatment with aromatase inhibitors or selective oestrogen receptor modulators in obese men
-
Kisspeptin treatment increases LH secretion, pulse frequency and circulating testosterone levels in hypotestosteronaemic men with type 2 diabetes
-
change in BMI was associated with the change in testosterone (Corona et al. 2013a,b).
-
weight loss can lead to genuine reactivation of the gonadal axis by reversal of obesity-associated hypothalamic suppression
-
There is pre-clinical and observational evidence that chronic hyperglycaemia can inhibit the HPT axis
-
in men who improved their glycaemic control over time, testosterone levels increased. By contrast, in those men in whom glycaemic control worsened, testosterone decreased
-
testosterone levels should be measured after successful weight loss to identify men with an insufficient rise in their testosterone levels. Such men may have HPT axis pathology unrelated to their obesity, which will require appropriate evaluation and management.
-
Article discusses the expanding evidence of low T and Metabolic syndrome.
38More
Testosterone and glucose metabolism in men: current concepts and controversies - 0 views
-
-
80% of E2 production in men, that will cause low T in men, comes from SQ adiposity. This leads to increase in visceral adiposity.
-
-
Only 5% of men with type 2 diabetes have elevated LH levels (Dhindsa et al. 2004, 2011). This is consistent with recent findings that the inhibition of the gonadal axis predominantly takes place in the hypothalamus, especially with more severe obesity
-
Metabolic factors, such as leptin, insulin (via deficiency or resistance) and ghrelin are believed to act at the ventromedial and arcuate nuclei of the hypothalamus to inhibit gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH) secretion
- ...32 more annotations...
-
kisspeptin has emerged as one of the most potent secretagogues of GNRH release
-
Consistent with the hypothesis that obesity-mediated inhibition of kisspeptin signalling contributes to the suppression of the HPT axis, infusion of a bioactive kisspeptin fragment has been recently shown to robustly increase LH pulsatility, LH levels and circulating testosterone in hypotestosteronaemic men with type 2 diabetes
-
Figure 4
-
Interestingly, a recent 16-week study of experimentally induced hypogonadism in healthy men with graded testosterone add-back either with or without concomitant aromatase inhibitor treatment has in fact suggested that low oestradiol (but not low testosterone) may be responsible for the hypogonadism-associated increase in total body and intra-abdominal fat mass
-
This does not fit with the research on receptors, specifically estrogen receptors. These studies that the authors are referencing are looking at "circulating" levels, not tissue levels.
-
-
A smaller study with a similar experimental design found that acute testosterone withdrawal reduced insulin sensitivity independent of body weight, whereas oestradiol withdrawal had no effects
-
Obesity and dysglycaemia and associated comorbidities such as obstructive sleep apnoea (Hoyos et al. 2012b) are important contributors to the suppression of the HPT axis
-
This is supported by observational studies showing that weight gain and development of diabetes accelerate the age-related decline in testosterone
-
Weight loss can reactivate the hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis
-
The hypothalamic–pituitary–testicular axis remains responsive to treatment with aromatase inhibitors or selective oestrogen receptor modulators in obese men
-
Kisspeptin treatment increases LH secretion, pulse frequency and circulating testosterone levels in hypotestosteronaemic men with type 2 diabetes
-
Several observational and randomised studies reviewed in Grossmann (2011) have shown that weight loss, whether by diet or surgery, leads to substantial increases in testosterone, especially in morbidly obese men
-
This suggests that weight loss can lead to genuine reactivation of the gonadal axis by reversal of obesity-associated hypothalamic suppression
-
There is pre-clinical and observational evidence that chronic hyperglycaemia can inhibit the HPT axis
-
in those men in whom glycaemic control worsened, testosterone decreased
-
successful weight loss combined with optimisation of glycaemic control may be sufficient to normalise circulating testosterone levels in the majority of such men
-
weight loss, optimisation of diabetic control and assiduous care of comorbidities should remain the first-line approach.
-
-
In part, the discrepant results may be due to the fact men in the Vigen cohort (Vigen et al. 2013) had a higher burden of comorbidities. Given that one (Basaria et al. 2010), but not all (Srinivas-Shankar et al. 2010), RCTs in men with a similarly high burden of comorbidities reported an increase in cardiovascular events in men randomised to testosterone treatment (see section on Testosterone therapy: potential risks below) (Basaria et al. 2010), testosterone should be used with caution in frail men with multiple comorbidities
-
The retrospective, non-randomised and non-blinded design of these studies (Shores et al. 2012, Muraleedharan et al. 2013, Vigen et al. 2013) leaves open the possibility for residual confounding and multiple other sources of bias. These have been elegantly summarised by Wu (2012).
-
Effects of testosterone therapy on body composition were metabolically favourable with modest decreases in fat mass and increases in lean body mass
-
This suggests that testosterone has limited effects on glucose metabolism in relatively healthy men with only mildly reduced testosterone.
-
it is conceivable that testosterone treatment may have more significant effects on glucose metabolism in uncontrolled diabetes, akin to what has generally been shown for conventional anti-diabetic medications.
-
the evidence from controlled studies show that testosterone therapy consistently reduces fat mass and increases lean body mass, but inconsistently decreases insulin resistance.
-
Interestingly, testosterone therapy does not consistently improve glucose metabolism despite a reduction in fat mass and an increase in lean mass
-
the majority of RCTs (recently reviewed in Ng Tang Fui et al. (2013a)) showed that testosterone therapy does not reduce visceral fat
-
visceral and abdominal adiposity are biologically different and thus the risks associated with the two are different.
-
-
-
yet low T is associated with an increase in visceral adiposity--confusing!
-
-
testosterone therapy decreases SHBG
-
testosterone is inversely associated with total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride (Tg) levels, but positively associated with HDL cholesterol levels, even if adjusted for confounders
-
Although observational studies show a consistent association of low testosterone with adverse lipid profiles, whether testosterone therapy exerts beneficial effects on lipid profiles is less clear
-
Whereas testosterone-induced decreases in total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and Lpa are expected to reduce cardiovascular risk, testosterone also decreases the levels of the cardio-protective HDL cholesterol. Therefore, the net effect of testosterone therapy on cardiovascular risk remains uncertain.
-
data have not shown evidence that testosterone causes prostate cancer, or that it makes subclinical prostate cancer grow
-
compared with otherwise healthy young men with organic androgen deficiency, there may be increased risks in older, obese men because of comorbidities and of decreased testosterone clearance
-
recent evidence that fat accumulation may be oestradiol-, rather than testosterone-dependent