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Mickey Tsai

Microbial Mules: Engineering Bacteria to Transport Nanoparticles and Drugs: Scientific ... - 1 views

www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm

engineering bacteria transport drugs

shared by Mickey Tsai on 01 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • Mickey Tsai on 01 Apr 12
     
    Scientists are trying to use bacteria in order to deliver nanoparticles and drugs into living human cells. David Gracias of John Hopkins University had success when gluing the nanoparticles to the bacteria by soaking it in a solution of nanoparticles and heating the mixture.
Sasicha Manupipatpong

Divergent evolution illuminated: Light shed on reasons behind genome differences betwee... - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...120329124607.htm

trna dna evolution genome differences proteins biotechnology

shared by Sasicha Manupipatpong on 01 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • divergent evolution of the genomes of different groups of species
  • three large domains: Archaea, Bacteria and Eukarya
  • genomes of each group have evolved towards distinct structures that have favored their separation
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • connection between the function of enzymes and the composition of the genomes shed light on the evolution and structure of genes
  • analyzed the distribution and abundance of transfer RNA genes
  • structure of genomes was adapted to the activity of some enzymes, which differ for Bacteria and for Eukarya and are absent in Archaea
  • activity of these enzymes modifies tRNAs, allowing them to recognize up to three distinct codons
    • Sasicha Manupipatpong
      Sasicha Manupipatpong on 01 Apr 12
       
      Prior to the study, it was understood that tRNA's have a specific anti-codon sequence which would recognize a single mRNA codon with the complementary sequence. Does this mean that the tRNA also attaches to different amino acids as well? How does the tRNA differentiate between the different amino acids it is at that moment carrying and the codon it matches with on the mRNA--does it change shape according to which amino acid is attached to it?
  • activity of the bacterial and eukaryal enzymes is different, which explains why the genomes and the gene composition of bacteria, eukarya, and archaea have diverged
  • relation between genome structure and the speed of protein synthesis from its genes
  • demonstrates how organisms have evolved in a different manner to achieve better adaptations and to have optimum protein translation efficiency
  • biotechnology as the discovery of the relevance of these modifications will allow an improvement in the industrial production of proteins
  • another parameter with which to optimize the synthesis of proteins from a gene
  • human insulin is "manufactured" in bacteria and our discovery would allow this production to be increased if we take into account the activity of these enzymes
  • relevant for the study of cancer: "it is possible that these modification enzymes are over-represented in some kinds of cancer. In fact, this would be logical because cancer cells are highly efficient in producing proteins."
  • greater the abundance of a protein in a cell the higher the number of triplets found in its gene sequence that can be read by modified tRNAs
  • don't exactly know why these enzymes appear or why they are different in bacteria and in eukaryotes but it's clear that they contribute to the separation of genomes of these two groups
  • genetic code is the same
  • what has changed is the relative importance of different codons of the code
  • Sasicha Manupipatpong on 01 Apr 12
     
    A recent study uncovers the reasons for the divergent evolution of the genomes of different species. The findings provide information about tRNA modifications which may prove useful in the field of biotechnology, specifically in the industrial production of proteins
Rafael Chen

Increased honey bee diversity means fewer pathogens, more helpful bacteria - 0 views

www.sciencedaily.com/...120312192756.htm

Gentic Diversity Symbiotic Relationship Microbes Bees

shared by Rafael Chen on 15 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • microbes in bee colonies that have previously been associated with fermentation in humans and other animals
  • communities of active bacteria harbored by honey bee colonies
  • research suggests honey bees may take advantage of these beneficial symbiotic bacteria to convert indigestible material into nutritious food and to enhance protection from pathogens
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • Genetic diversity is created in a colony when a queen mates with many male bees
  • less likelihood of potentially pathogenic bacteria showing up in genetically diverse honey bee colonies
  • individual bees and their symbionts can enhance the overall health of a colony when it is genetically diverse
  • increased resistance to colonization by pathogens or through the production of nutrients by these microbes
  • Rafael Chen on 15 Apr 12
     
    Genetic Diversity in bee colonies increases resistance to colonization by pathogens through symbiotic relations with microbes.
Sea Maskulrath

The Ice Age Elephant - Mammuthus primigenius | Scitech | The Earth Times - 0 views

www.earthtimes.org/...1914

ice elephant times DNA genetics

shared by Sea Maskulrath on 15 Apr 12 - No Cached
  • preserved remains of a shaggy monster that lived in Siberia at -40°C 10,000 years ago have been uncovered;
  • The frozen and p
  • Only microscopic amounts of DNA are left on the skeletons, including all the bacteria that lived on the animals. No usable DNA is therefore often found in bone, but mammoth hair is plentiful. Shampooed and bleached and digested, the hair, even at 18,000 years old, can have 90% of the DNA left. The genome shows 4 different "races" of this species. Research has also shown the recreated blood of mammoth. It doesn't decrease its oxygen capacity at the low temperatures the mammoth had to endure. That increased oxygen-offloading ability was one of the essential physiological changes evolved especially for this species, just like the Yuka kidney.
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • reserved remains of a shaggy monster that lived in Siberia at -40°C 10,000 years ago have been uncovered;
  • Cloning the mammoth has been an aim of Japanese scientists for several years. They discovered almost intact bone marrow from a thigh bone in Yakutsk and hope to use a female elephant for what is obviously more than a simple experiment within the next 5 years.
  • Sea Maskulrath on 15 Apr 12
     
    The return of the giant, not a long wait :) 
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