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The intent of the research funded through this award is to (1) support research to alleviate, stabilize, or characterize the symptoms or deficits common to TBI and AD/ADRD, and (2) reduce the burden of care on the caregiver for individuals living with the common symptoms of TBI and AD/ADRD. Research may be proposed to either facet of the intent. Both are equally important. As part of the research strategy, all applications must include cognitive, neuropsychological, or otherwise appropriate measures.The FY17 PRARP QUAL is open to Principal Investigators (PIs) at or above the level of Assistant Professor (or equivalent) from any field or discipline. As part of the application, the PI should demonstrate that the study team has experience in both TBI and AD/ADRD research. Preliminary data, while not required, are encouraged. Preliminary data may come from the PI's published work, pilot data, or from peer-reviewed literature. Applications should also address how all of the included study measures address the research strategy and the study's hypothesis or hypotheses.The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 PRARP QUAL will not exceed $500,000. The maximum period of performance is 3 years. Refer to Section II.D.5, Funding Restrictions, for detailed funding information.The research impact is expected to benefit the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. To this end, the PRARP has identified QUAL Overarching Challenges and Focus Areas by which the intent of this mechanism can be facilitated. These should be carefully considered as part of the application process.FY17 PRARP QUAL Overarching Challenges: T

The first Health and Human Performance Research (HHPR) Summit is upcoming April 28-30, 2015 in Dayton, Ohio. We are on target to have more than 200 attendees, 75+ posters, and 12 breakout sessions discussing the topics of the summit. More than 75 participants from Federal Research labs will be presenting and participating in the event and it is a great opportunity for our Ohio Academic Institutions to create relationships and understand the objectives of these researchers. As such, we have an interest in ensuring Ohio universities and research institutions are represented in this event to increase the funding which is attracted to our State. We would like to extend an invitation to your institution to participate in the Summit through poster presentations and/or attending the Summit. Designed to provide networking opportunities for researchers and industry to connect through a focus on exploring commercializing opportunities in Science and Technology within the health and human performance domain; the HHPR Summit is also intended to further develop the research relationships with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) and support the commercialization within Ohio. It is important to us as we look to the strategies we are undertaking as a state to ensure the major universities and research institutions have an opportunity to play a major role in this relationship. Details of the Summit follows: The HHPR Summit is an international meeting supporting human systems research held at the Dayton Convention Center in Dayton, Ohio April 28-30, 2015 with the objective of linking defense and academic research to the commercial domains. The Summit is a forum to generate research knowledge and ideas, recruit and retain key organizations and researchers in the human systems domain, and link research to entrepreneurial outcomes, and diffuse information.

The Albert Einstein Fellowship supports creative, interdisciplinary thought by giving young scholars the chance to pursue research outside their previous area of work. Candidates must be under 35 and hold a university degree in the humanities, in the social sciences, or in the natural sciences. Applications for 2019 should include a CV, a two-page project proposal, and two letters of recommendation. All documents must be received by April 15, 2018. At the end of the fellowship period, the fellow will be expected to present his or her project in a public lecture at the Einstein Forum and at the Daimler and Benz Foundation. The Einstein Fellowship is not intended for applicants who wish to complete an academic study they have already begun. A successful application must demonstrate the quality, originality, and feasibility of the proposed project, as well as the superior intellectual development of the applicant. It is not relevant whether the applicant has begun working toward, or currently holds, a PhD. The proposed project need not be entirely completed during the time of the fellowship, but can be the beginning of a longer project. PLEASE NOTE THAT NO FELLOWSHIPS WILL BE GIVEN FOR DISSERTATION RESEARCH. THE PROPOSED PROJECT MUST BE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT IN CONTENT, AND PREFERABLY FIELD AND FORM, FROM THE APPLICANT'S PREVIOUS WORK.

The PRARP Quality of Life Research Award (QUAL) mechanism was first offered in FY13. Since then, 38 QUAL applications have been received, and 16 have been recommended for funding. The intent of the research funded through this award is to (1) support research to alleviate, stabilize, or characterize the symptoms or deficits common to TBI and AD/ADRD, and (2) reduce the burden of care on the caregiver for individuals living with the common symptoms of TBI and AD/ADRD. Research may be proposed to either facet of the intent. Both are equally important. As part of the research strategy, all applications must include cognitive, neuropsychological, or otherwise appropriate measures. The FY17 PRARP QUAL is open to Principal Investigators (PIs) at or above the level of Assistant Professor (or equivalent) from any field or discipline. As part of the application, the PI should demonstrate that the study team has experience in both TBI and AD/ADRD research. Preliminary data, while not required, are encouraged. Preliminary data may come from the PI's published work, pilot data, or from peer-reviewed literature. Applications should also address how all of the included study measures address the research strategy and the study's hypothesis or hypotheses. The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 PRARP QUAL will not exceed $500,000. The maximum period of performance is 3 years.

The intent of the FY17 PRARP CSRA is to support efforts to generate research resources, tools, or novel research efforts for researchers and/or practitioners in health sciences related to the PRARP's mission. The FY17 PRARP CSRA is open to Principal Investigators (PIs) at or above the level of Assistant Professor (or equivalent) from any field or discipline. As part of the application, the PI should demonstrate that the study team has experience in both TBI and AD/ADRD research. Preliminary data, while not required, are encouraged. Preliminary data may come from the PI's published work, pilot data, or from peer-reviewed literature.The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 PRARP CSRA will not exceed $500,000. The maximum period of performance is 3 years. The research impact is expected to benefit the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. To this end, the PRARP has identified CSRA Overarching Challenges and Focus Areas by which the intent of this mechanism can be facilitated. These should be carefully considered as part of the application process.FY17 PRARP CSRA Overarching Challenges: This FY17 PRARP CSRA funding opportunity requires applications to address one or more of the following FY17 PRARP CSRA Overarching Challenges:* Paucity of Research Resources: The paucity of research resources to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain and is the most common form of dementia of the elderly. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Prominent behavioral manifestations of AD include memory impairments and decline in other cognitive domains.  Currently, at least five million Americans at age 65 and older suffer from AD, and it is projected that the number of new cases of AD will double by 2025. AD is clearly becoming a national health crisis affecting Americans across the country, and the total annual payments of health care for people with AD are projected to be more than $1 trillion in 2050. In response to this looming public health crisis, the National Alzheimer's Project Act (NAPA) was signed into law in 2011. The primary research goal of the NAPA is to prevent the onset of, and develop effective treatments for, AD by 2025. As part of the strategic planning process to implement NAPA, NIH AD Research Summits were held in 2012 and 2015 and identified research priorities and strategies needed to accelerate basic research and the development of effective therapies. A FY2017 Alzheimer's disease bypass budget with milestones was published in 2015 to establish research and funding priorities in response to the NAPA and the AD Research Summits (https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/bypass-budget-fy2017). This funding opportunity announcement was developed in response to the recommendations of the AD Research Summits and milestones published in the FY2017 Alzheimer's disease bypass budget to support interdisciplinary research to understand the heterogeneity and multifactorial etiology of AD. 

The intent of the FY17 PRARP NIRA is to support early-career investigators interested in novel research efforts or new technologies within TBI and AD/ADRD in support of the PRARP's mission. The FY17 PRARP NIRA is open to Principal Investigators (PIs) within 3 years of their first independent faculty position, from any field or discipline. As part of the application, the PI should demonstrate that the study team has experience in both TBI and AD/ADRD research. Preliminary data, while not required, are encouraged. Preliminary data may come from the PI's published work, pilot data, or from peer-reviewed literature. Note that PIs will be required to verify their eligibility for this award. The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 PRARP NIRA will not exceed $225,000. The maximum period of performance is 3 years. The research impact is expected to benefit the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. To this end, the PRARP has identified NIRA Overarching Challenges and Focus Areas by which the intent of this mechanism can be facilitated. These should be carefully considered as part of the application process.FY17 PRARP NIRA Overarching Challenges: This FY17 PRARP NIRA funding opportunity requires applications to address one or more of the following FY17 PRARP NIRA Overarching Challenges: The paucity of research resources to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive, degenerative disorder of the brain and is the most common form of dementia of the elderly. AD is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Prominent behavioral manifestations of AD include memory impairments and decline in other cognitive domains. Currently, at least five million Americans at age 65 and older suffer from AD, and it is projected that the number of new cases of AD will double by 2025. AD is clearly becoming a national health crisis affecting Americans across all regions of the country, and the total annual payments of health care for people with AD are projected to be more than $1 trillion in 2050. In response to this looming public health crisis, the National Alzheimer's Project Act (NAPA) was signed into law in 2011. The primary research goal of the NAPA is to prevent the onset of and develop effective treatments for AD by 2025.  As part of the strategic planning process to implement NAPA, NIH AD Research Summits were held in 2012 and 2015 and identified research priorities and strategies needed to accelerate basic research and the development of effective therapies. A FY2017 Alzheimer's disease bypass budget with milestones was published in 2015 to establish research and funding priorities in response to the NAPA and the AD Research Summits (https://www.nia.nih.gov/alzheimers/bypass-budget-FY 2017). This funding opportunity announcement was developed in response to the recommendations of the AD Research Summits to support interdisciplinary research to understand the heterogeneity and multifactorial etiology of AD.

The purpose of this FOA is to support innovative interdisciplinary, multi-institute research that will lead to the identification and validation of molecular mechanisms relevant to human biology that contribute to tau toxicity associated with Frontotemporal Degeneration (FTD). It is anticipated that this research will also contribute to tool development that can be applied to target validation in FTD clinical trials.Applications must include an administrative core, a scientific governance structure, a minimum of three research projects with milestone plans, resource core(s) that support the basic research efforts of at least two proposed research projects, a data coordination core that will facilitate the distribution of data generated through the Center without Walls with the broad research community and a human biology validation core that will support the validation of mechanisms identified and resources developed under this FOA. Synergy must be evident among Center research projects and cores, such that successful completion of the aims could not be accomplished without the Center structure. This FOA is in response to the Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (ADRD) challenges outlined in the 2015 update to the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease.

The purpose of this FOA is to support innovative interdisciplinary, multi-institute research that will lead to the identification and validation of molecular mechanisms relevant to human biology that contribute to tau toxicity associated with Frontotemporal Degeneration (FTD). It is anticipated that this research will also contribute to tool development that can be applied to target validation in FTD clinical trials.Applications must include an administrative core, a scientific governance structure, a minimum of three research projects with milestone plans, resource core(s) that support the basic research efforts of at least two proposed research projects, a data coordination core that will facilitate the distribution of data generated through the Center without Walls with the broad research community and a human biology validation core that will support the validation of mechanisms identified and resources developed under this FOA. Synergy must be evident among Center research projects and cores, such that successful completion of the aims could not be accomplished without the Center structure. This FOA is in response to the Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias (ADRD) challenges outlined in the 2015 update to the National Plan to Address Alzheimer's Disease.

The SCIMS program is designed to provide a multidisciplinary system of rehabilitation care specifically to meet the needs of individuals with SCI. To be eligible for a SCI Model Systems grant, an applicant institution must encompass a continuum of care for people with SCI, including emergency medical services, acute care services, acute medical rehabilitation services, and post-acute services. For purposes of this program, SCI is defined as a clinically discernible degree of neurologic impairment of the spinal cord following a traumatic event. NIDILRR currently supports 14 SCIMS centers through this program. The funding for these Centers is primarily used to conduct SCI research and to collect and send data to the SCIMS longitudinal database. SCIMS Centers will be funded at varying amounts up to the maximum award based on the numbers of subjects eligible for follow-up in the existing SCIMS longitudinal database. Existing centers with significantly larger numbers of subjects will receive higher funding within the specified range, as determined by NIDILRR after the applicant is selected for funding. Applicants provide detailed budgets for each research project and for data collection costs associated with the longitudinal database. Funding will be determined individually for each successful applicant, up to the maximum allowed, based upon the documented workload associated with the follow-up data collection, the other costs of the grant, and the overall budgetary limits of the program

FY18 PRARP QUAL Overarching Challenges: This FY18 PRARP QUAL funding opportunity requires applications to address one or more of the following FY18 PRARP QUAL Overarching Challenges: Paucity of Clinical Studies: The paucity of clinical studies to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. This includes research into risk factors that may predispose individuals to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI. Quality of Life: The need for technologies, assessments, interventions, or devices to benefit individuals living with the common symptoms or deficits of TBI and AD/ADRD. Caregiver Support: The need for technologies, assessments, interventions, or devices with the goal of enhancing the lives of caregivers for individuals living with the common symptoms or deficits of TBI and AD/ADRD. Epidemiology: The paucity of epidemiological research to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. This includes research into risk factors that may predispose individuals to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI. FY18 PRARP QUAL Focus Areas: In addition to addressing one or more of the specified FY18 PRARP QUAL Overarching Challenges, applications should address at least one of the following FY18 PRARP QUAL Focus Areas in support of the FY18 PRARP QUAL Overarching Challenges. An application that proposes research outside of the FY18 PRARP QUAL Focus Areas is acceptable, as long as the applicant provides a strong rationale.

FY18 PRARP NIRA Overarching Challenges: This FY18 PRARP NIRA funding opportunity requires applications to address one or more of the following FY18 PRARP NIRA Overarching Challenges: Paucity of Research Resources: The paucity of research resources to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities Paucity of Clinical Studies: The paucity of clinical studies to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. This includes research into risk factors that may predispose individuals to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI. Diagnostic Technologies, Tests, Biomarkers, or Devices: The need for technologies, tests, or devices to detect or prognose the progression to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI. This includes research into risk factors that may predispose individuals to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI. Quality of Life: The need for technologies, assessments, interventions, or devices to benefit individuals living with the common symptoms or deficits of TBI and AD/ADRD. Caregiver Support: The need for technologies, assessments, interventions, or devices with the goal of enhancing the lives of caregivers for individuals living with the common symptoms or deficits of TBI and AD/ADRD Epidemiology: The paucity of epidemiological research to examine the interrelationship between TBI and subsequent AD/ADRD for the military, Veteran, and civilian communities. This includes research into risk factors that may predispose individuals to AD/ADRD subsequent to TBI.

The intent of the FY17 ERP IDA is to solicit research to understand the magnitude and underlying mechanisms of PTE. The FY17 ERP IDA offers two levels of funding. Funding Level I is intended to support high-risk or high-gain research from Principal Investigators (PIs) at or above the level of a postdoctoral fellow (or equivalent), but below the level of Assistant Professor (or equivalent). Note that PIs submitting Funding Level I applications will be required to verify their eligibility for this award. Funding Level II is intended to support a more mature, hypothesis-driven research project. To be considered for an FY17 ERP IDA Funding Level II, the PI must be an independent investigator at or above the level of Assistant Professor (or equivalent). While not required, applications to either Funding Level I or II should provide relevant preliminary data. Preliminary data for either Funding Level may come from the PI's published work, pilot data, or from peer-reviewed literature. The requested budget level should be appropriate for the scope of research proposed.For Funding Level I:The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 ERP IDA award will not exceed $300,000. The maximum period of performance is 2 years. For Funding Level II:The anticipated direct costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY17 ERP IDA award will not exceed $500,000. The maximum period of performance is 3 years. FY17 ERP IDA Focus Areas: The research impact for the FY17 ERP IDA is expected to benefit the military, Veteran, and civilian communities.

The Epilepsy Foundation has announced its seventh annual epilepsy "Shark Tank" competition for the most innovative ideas in epilepsy and seizure treatment and care. Some examples of novel ideas include a system to detect seizures with the capacity to provide early warning to the patient or family; a treatment that stops a seizure from progressing; a system that helps patients manage their daily treatment; a device that prevents physical injury that patients may experience when in seizure; or an entirely new product concept with the promise to dramatically improve the lives of people with epilepsy. Selected finalists will receive international recognition and compete for grants totaling $150,000 to support the development and commercialization of important new products, technologies, or therapeutic concepts. As many as six finalists will be selected to present at the 2018 Epilepsy Pipeline Conference (San Francisco, February 22-23, 2018). Each presenter will have five minutes to present the concept, followed by five minutes of questioning. The Shark Tank event will feature live voting among audience members and a panel of judges (Sharks) representative of industry, advocacy, investors, and the research and medical communities. The winning project, or projects, deemed to be the most innovative will be announced at the conclusion of the competition. To be eligible, applicants must demonstrate an ability to move the proposed plan to completion, showing how the prize can accelerate any step along the path to market. Inventors who submitted ideas for previous Shark Tank competitions are encouraged to re-submit their ideas if substantial progress has been made.

The intent of the FY19 FITBIR Analysis Award is to leverage this data to identify actionable insights for the diagnosis, management, and treatment of TBI. The proposed research must be relevant to active duty Service members, Veterans, military beneficiaries, and/or the American public. The anticipated total costs budgeted for the entire period of performance for an FY19 JPC-6/CCCRP PH/TBI FITBIR Analysis Award will not exceed $750,000. Refer to Section II.D.5, Funding Restrictions, for detailed funding information. The JPC-6/CCCRP expects to allot approximately $3M of the FY19 PH/TBIRP appropriation to fund approximately 4 FITBIR Analysis Award applications. Funding of applications received is contingent upon the availability of Federal funds for this program as well as the number of applications received, the quality and merit of the applications as evaluated by scientific and programmatic review, and the requirements of the Government. Funds to be obligated on any award resulting from this funding opportunity will be available for use for a limited time period based on the fiscal year of the funds. It is anticipated that awards made from this FY19 FITBIR Analysis Award funding opportunity will be funded with FY19 funds, which will expire for use on September 30, 2025

The intent of the FY18 ERP LRFA is to support a large-scale, prospective, longitudinal epidemiological research study that is relevant to the characterization of PTE. The work must be related to the ERP's mission (see Section II.A, Program Description). Applications should describe how the association of TBI and subsequent PTE will be assessed or characterized. This would include a description of the nature of the TBIs in the cohort. Studies that evaluate the feasibility of using combinations of outcomes (e.g., neuropsychological assessments, imaging, and genomics) are encouraged. Therefore, interdisciplinary research teams or consortia are also encouraged. Note that applicants will be required to submit a Preproposal Narrative. Due to the intent of this mechanism, preliminary data are required. In addition, expedited access to an already identified, suitable study cohort that will support the proposed hypothesis or hypotheses is required. As part of the application process, all applicants are required to provide a Longitudinal Studies Research Statement that addresses the longitudinal aspects of the project. Applicants will also be required to provide a statistical plan and identify appropriate personnel to support the statistical plan as part of the full application.

The goal of this FOA is to enhance the diversity of the drug abuse research workforce by providing dissertation awards on topics related to the study of basic and clinical neuroscience, development, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, services, or women and sex/gender differences as they relate to drug abuse. This support will enhance the pool of highly talented drug abuse scientists who conduct research within the funding priority areas (http://www.drugabuse.gov/funding/funding-priorities) or in the NIDA strategic plan (https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/2016-2020-nida-strategic-plan). Applications are encouraged from doctoral candidates in a variety of academic disciplines and programs. This program will ultimately facilitate the entry of promising new investigators into the field of drug abuse research and promote transdisciplinary collaborations. This award is for up to two years of support for the completion of the doctoral dissertation research project.

The goal of this FOA is to enhance the diversity of the drug abuse research workforce by providing dissertation awards on topics related to the study of basic and clinical neuroscience, development, epidemiology, prevention, treatment, services, or women and sex/gender differences as they relate to drug abuse. This support will enhance the pool of highly talented drug abuse scientists who conduct research within the funding priority areas (http://www.drugabuse.gov/funding/funding-priorities) or in the NIDA strategic plan (https://www.drugabuse.gov/about-nida/2016-2020-nida-strategic-plan). Applications are encouraged from doctoral candidates in a variety of academic disciplines and programs. This program will ultimately facilitate the entry of promising new investigators into the field of drug abuse research and promote transdisciplinary collaborations. This award is for up to two years of support for the completion of the doctoral dissertation research project.

This FOA invites applications from qualified institutions to create a Roybal Center Coordinating Center (CC), serving the needs of the Roybal Centers for Translational Research on Aging program as well as the Roybal Centers for Translational Research on Dementia Care Provider Support program. The Roybal Coordinating Center will serve as a hub for the Roybal Center grant program. Roybal Center programs conduct translational in the behavioral and social sciences of aging, structured in accordance with the NIH Stage Model. Roybal Center program resources are intended for pilot and preliminary translational, multi-directional research at Stages 0 through IV of the behavioral intervention development pipeline with the goal of creating principle-driven interventions that improve the lives of mid-life and older people and the capacity of institutions to adapt to societal aging. The Roybal Coordinating Center will facilitate and coordinate trans-Roybal activities. The Center will work closely with the NIA Program Officer and, in coordination with all Roybal sites, will be responsive to requests generated by key Roybal site personnel, NIA, NIH, the scientific community, and the general public.

The Whitehall Foundation, through its program of grants and grants-in-aid, assists scholarly research in the life sciences. It is the Foundation's policy to assist those dynamic areas of basic biological research that are not heavily supported by Federal Agencies or other foundations with specialized missions. In order to respond to the changing environment, the Whitehall Foundation periodically reassesses the need for financial support by the various fields of biological research. The Foundation does not award funds to investigators who have substantial existing or potential support, even if it is for an unrelated purpose. Applications may be held in abeyance until the results of other funding decisions are determined. While it is difficult to assign a specific dollar amount to this policy and each case is unique, the Foundation currently defines "substantial" as approximately $200,000 per year (including both direct and indirect expense but excluding the Principal Investigator's salary). The Foundation is currently interested in basic research in neurobiology, defined as follows: Invertebrate and vertebrate (excluding clinical) neurobiology, specifically investigations of neural mechanisms involved in sensory, motor, and other complex functions of the whole organism as these relate to behavior. The overall goal should be to better understand behavioral output or brain mechanisms of behavior. The Foundation does not support research focused primarily on disease(s) unless it will also provide insights into normal functioning.

The goal of this FOA is to advance research on the underlying basis for the transfer (or transposition) of aging phenotypes observed between young and old rodents and discovered through heterochronic parabiosis. Examples of transposed phenotypes include reversal of cardiac hypertrophy, partial restoration of cognitive function, improved vascularization, and repair of skeletal muscle after cryo-injury (anti-geronic transposition), or as accelerated loss of cognitive function and neurogenesis (pro-geronic transposition). Other transposed phenotypes, as revealed solely through heterochronic parabiosis, may also be reported in the literature. There are also reports of candidate factors found in circulation that might be causally related to the transposition of these aging phenotypes; these are termed "circulating geronic factors" for purposes of this FOA. To date, these are proteins and peptides that pass between the young and old mice joined by parabiosis, due to anastomosis of their circulatory systems. Based on these novel findings and this novel experimental paradigm, the specific objective of this FOA is to test whether these candidate geronic factors are necessary for the transposition of aging phenotypes. The focus is on phenotypes transposed in heterochronic parabiosis and the candidate factors which are present and functional at physiological concentrations in circulation.

The goal of this FOA is to advance research on the underlying basis for the transfer (or transposition) of aging phenotypes observed between young and old rodents and discovered through heterochronic parabiosis. Examples of transposed phenotypes include reversal of cardiac hypertrophy, partial restoration of cognitive function, improved vascularization, and repair of skeletal muscle after cryo-injury (anti-geronic transposition), or as accelerated loss of cognitive function and neurogenesis (pro-geronic transposition). Other transposed phenotypes, as revealed solely through heterochronic parabiosis, may also be reported in the literature. There are also reports of candidate factors found in circulation that might be causally related to the transposition of these aging phenotypes; these are termed "circulating geronic factors" for purposes of this FOA. To date, these are proteins and peptides that pass between the young and old mice joined by parabiosis, due to anastomosis of their circulatory systems. Based on these novel findings and this novel experimental paradigm, the specific objective of this FOA is to test whether these candidate geronic factors are necessary for the transposition of aging phenotypes. The focus is on phenotypes transposed in heterochronic parabiosis and the candidate factors which are present and functional at physiological concentrations in circulation.