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Past Perfect Simple A: He had spoken. N: He had not spoken. Q: Had he spoken? action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect progressive putting emphasis only on the fact (not the duration) already, just, never, not yet, once, until that day if sentence type III (If I had talked, …) Past Perfect Progressive A: He had been speaking. N: He had not been speaking. Q: Had he been speaking? action taking place before a certain time in the past sometimes interchangeable with past perfect simple putting emphasis on the duration or course of an action for, since, the whole day, all day

Future I Simple A: He will speak. N: He will not speak. Q: Will he speak? action in the future that cannot be influenced spontaneous decision assumption with regard to the future in a year, next …, tomorrow If-Satz Typ I (If you ask her, she will help you.) assumption: I think, probably, perhaps Future I Simple (going to) A: He is going to speak. N: He is not going to speak. Q: Is he going to speak? decision made for the future conclusion with regard to the future in one year, next week, tomorrow Future I Progressive A: He will be speaking. N: He will not be speaking. Q: Will he be speaking? action that is going on at a certain time in the future action that is sure to happen in the near future in one year, next week, tomorrow Future II Simple A: He will have spoken. N: He will not have spoken. Q: Will he have spoken? action that will be finished at a certain time in the future by Monday, in a week Future II Progressive A: He will have been speaking. N: He will not have been speaking. Q: Will he have been speaking? action taking place before a certain time in the future putting emphasis on the course of an action for …, the last couple of hours, all day long

Conditional I Simple A: He would speak. N: He would not speak. Q: Would he speak? action that might take place if sentences type II (If I were you, I would go home.) Conditional I Progressive A: He would be speaking. N: He would not be speaking. Q: Would he be speaking? action that might take place putting emphasis on the course / duration of the action   Conditional II Simple A: He would have spoken. N: He would not have spoken. Q: Would he have spoken? action that might have taken place in the past if sentences type III (If I had seen that, I would have helped.) Conditional II Progressive A: He would have been speaking. N: He would not have been speaking. Q: Would he have been speaking? action that might have taken place in the past puts emphasis on the course / duration of the action  

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4. Social bias 1.  TV reporter - -  the question is how can an old man and a boy disappear like this?       The answer had to be that people are helping them out. The public are very much      on their side. 2.  Ruby’s response: “People are taking sides about you, arguing about the rights and       wrongs of your case. That’s good. The more people who know your plight, the       better chance of you staying together.”

Chapter 4 Granda is very popular with Rory’s friends and meets Mrs. Foley for the first time. Granda accidentally sets fire to his and Mrs. Foley’s coats at the school’s Parents’ Night.

Chapter 5 Val Jessup, a social worker is assigned to take care of Granda and Rory. Darren’s mum and Mrs. Foley are both worried for Rory and are glad of the extra help they were going to receive. However, Granda has a little accident in the flat and is taken to the hospital.

Chapter 6 Granda has suffered from smoke inhalation and has to be hospitalised. Rory pleads to the Big Man to make Granda wake up. Val Jessup is nervous to let Rory live in the flat alone and drives him to the children’s home at Castle Street.

Chapter 7 Rory goes to the home because he has no choice and he thinks that it will be for only one night – till his granda is out of the hospital. Tess, a young inmate of the home, terrifies Rory with her bad behaviour.

Use a semicolon plus a conjunctive adverb:

Make one clause dependent on the other:

Insert a coordinating conjunction following the comma:

splices are sometimes acceptable when the clauses are short and alike in form, such as: The gate swung apart, the bridge fell, the portcullis was drawn up. The famous sentence I came, I saw, I conquered falls into the same category.

often considered acceptable in poetic writing. The editors of the Jerusalem Bible translate Isaiah 11:4 as: His word is a rock that strikes the ruthless, his sentences bring death to the wicked

The British author Lynne Truss[9] observes: "so many highly respected writers observe the splice comma that a rather unfair rule emerges on this one: only do it if you're famous." She cites Samuel Beckett, E. M. Forster, and Somerset Maugham. "Done knowingly by an established writer, the comma splice is effective, poetic, dashing. Done equally knowingly by people who are not published writers, it can look weak or presumptuous. Done ignorantly by ignorant people, it is awful."

Comma splices are considered acceptable by some in passages of spoken (or interior) dialogue, and are sometimes used deliberately to emulate spoken language more closely.