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crazylion lee

Cello * High Level C - 0 views

libcello.org

c library high level

shared by crazylion lee on 16 Apr 17 - No Cached
  • crazylion lee on 16 Apr 17
     
    "Cello is a library that brings higher level programming to C. By acting as a modern, powerful runtime system Cello makes many things easy that were previously impractical or awkward in C such as: Generic Data Structures Polymorphic Functions Interfaces / Type Classes Constructors / Destructors Optional Garbage Collection Exceptions Reflection And because Cello works seamlessly alongside standard C you get all the other benefits such as great performance, powerful tooling, and extensive libraries."
張 旭

An Introduction to HAProxy and Load Balancing Concepts | DigitalOcean - 0 views

www.digitalocean.com/...xy-and-load-balancing-concepts

server haproxy loading HA architecture

shared by 張 旭 on 07 Dec 17 - No Cached
  • HAProxy, which stands for High Availability Proxy
  • improve the performance and reliability of a server environment by distributing the workload across multiple servers (e.g. web, application, database).
  • ACLs are used to test some condition and perform an action (e.g. select a server, or block a request) based on the test result.
  • ...28 more annotations...
  • Access Control List (ACL)
  • ACLs allows flexible network traffic forwarding based on a variety of factors like pattern-matching and the number of connections to a backend
  • A backend is a set of servers that receives forwarded requests
  • adding more servers to your backend will increase your potential load capacity by spreading the load over multiple servers
  • mode http specifies that layer 7 proxying will be used
  • specifies the load balancing algorithm
  • health checks
  • A frontend defines how requests should be forwarded to backends
  • use_backend rules, which define which backends to use depending on which ACL conditions are matched, and/or a default_backend rule that handles every other case
  • A frontend can be configured to various types of network traffic
  • Load balancing this way will forward user traffic based on IP range and port
  • Generally, all of the servers in the web-backend should be serving identical content--otherwise the user might receive inconsistent content.
  • Using layer 7 allows the load balancer to forward requests to different backend servers based on the content of the user's request.
  • allows you to run multiple web application servers under the same domain and port
  • acl url_blog path_beg /blog matches a request if the path of the user's request begins with /blog.
  • Round Robin selects servers in turns
  • Selects the server with the least number of connections--it is recommended for longer sessions
  • This selects which server to use based on a hash of the source IP
  • ensure that a user will connect to the same server
  • require that a user continues to connect to the same backend server. This persistence is achieved through sticky sessions, using the appsession parameter in the backend that requires it.
  • HAProxy uses health checks to determine if a backend server is available to process requests.
  • The default health check is to try to establish a TCP connection to the server
  • If a server fails a health check, and therefore is unable to serve requests, it is automatically disabled in the backend
  • For certain types of backends, like database servers in certain situations, the default health check is insufficient to determine whether a server is still healthy.
  • However, your load balancer is a single point of failure in these setups; if it goes down or gets overwhelmed with requests, it can cause high latency or downtime for your service.
  • A high availability (HA) setup is an infrastructure without a single point of failure
  • a static IP address that can be remapped from one server to another.
  • If that load balancer fails, your failover mechanism will detect it and automatically reassign the IP address to one of the passive servers.
張 旭

Best practices for building Kubernetes Operators and stateful apps | Google Cloud Blog - 0 views

cloud.google.com/...es-operators-and-stateful-apps

kubernetes system operator

shared by 張 旭 on 17 May 21 - No Cached
  • use the StatefulSet workload controller to maintain identity for each of the pods, and to use Persistent Volumes to persist data so it can survive a service restart.
  • a way to extend Kubernetes functionality with application specific logic using custom resources and custom controllers.
  • An Operator can automate various features of an application, but it should be specific to a single application
  • ...12 more annotations...
  • Kubebuilder is a comprehensive development kit for building and publishing Kubernetes APIs and Controllers using CRDs
  • Design declarative APIs for operators, not imperative APIs. This aligns well with Kubernetes APIs that are declarative in nature.
  • With declarative APIs, users only need to express their desired cluster state, while letting the operator perform all necessary steps to achieve it.
  • scaling, backup, restore, and monitoring. An operator should be made up of multiple controllers that specifically handle each of the those features.
  • the operator can have a main controller to spawn and manage application instances, a backup controller to handle backup operations, and a restore controller to handle restore operations.
  • each controller should correspond to a specific CRD so that the domain of each controller's responsibility is clear.
  • If you keep a log for every container, you will likely end up with unmanageable amount of logs.
  • integrate application-specific details to the log messages such as adding a prefix for the application name.
  • you may have to use external logging tools such as Google Stackdriver, Elasticsearch, Fluentd, or Kibana to perform the aggregations.
  • adding labels to metrics to facilitate aggregation and analysis by monitoring systems.
  • a more viable option is for application pods to expose a metrics HTTP endpoint for monitoring tools to scrape.
  • A good way to achieve this is to use open-source application-specific exporters for exposing Prometheus-style metrics.
crazylion lee

Locust - A modern load testing framework - 1 views

locust.io

testing performance python loadtest load test http

shared by crazylion lee on 21 Nov 16 - No Cached
  • crazylion lee on 21 Nov 16
     
    "Define user behaviour with Python code, and swarm your system with millions of simultaneous users. "
crazylion lee

tsenart/vegeta: HTTP load testing tool and library. It's over 9000! - 0 views

github.com/vegeta

http performance golang go load-testing loadtesting

shared by crazylion lee on 12 Dec 16 - No Cached
  • crazylion lee on 12 Dec 16
     
    "HTTP load testing tool and library"
張 旭

也许，DOM 不是答案 - 阮一峰的网络日志 - 0 views

www.ruanyifeng.com/...future-of-dom.html

web application phone performance DOM

shared by 張 旭 on 23 Jan 17 - No Cached
  • 如果将来有一天，Web app会成为主流，一定有一个前提，那就是它的性能可以赶上Native app
  • Web app输给Native app的地方，不是界面（UI），而是操作性能
  • Web基于DOM，而DOM很慢。浏览器打开网页时，需要解析文档，在内存中生成DOM结构，如果遇到复杂的文档，这个过程是很慢的。可以想象一下，如果网页上有上万个、甚至几十万个形状（不管是图片或CSS），生成DOM需要多久？更不要提与其中某一个形状互动了。
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • 所有的DOM操作都是同步的，会堵塞浏览器。JavaScript操作DOM时，必须等前一个操作结束，才能执行后一个操作。
  • 浏览器重绘网页的频率是60FPS（即16毫秒/帧），JavaScript做不到在16毫秒内完成DOM操作，因此产生了跳帧。
  • 没有使用DOM，而是将整个网站用canvas输出
  • canvas可以被硬件加速
  • 主要是canvas只是一个位图，本身没有语义，如果要在它上面实现UI，等于HTML语言已有的东西都要再发明一遍，比如如何实现超链接、如何实现CSS效果等等。
  • canvas不是自适应的（responsive），文字在哪里断行，都要自己计算，而且用户也无法选中文本
  • 多线程浏览器
  • DOM的异步操作。JavaScript对DOM的操作不再是同步的，而是触发后，交给Event Loop机制进行监听。
  • 用数据库取代DOM
  • 非DOM方案。浏览器不再将网页处理成DOM结构，而是变为其他结构
張 旭

Serverless Architectures - 0 views

martinfowler.com/...serverless.html

development architecture system server backend

shared by 張 旭 on 12 Jul 16 - No Cached
  • Serverless was first used to describe applications that significantly or fully depend on 3rd party applications / services (‘in the cloud’) to manage server-side logic and state.
  • ‘rich client’ applications (think single page web apps, or mobile apps) that use the vast ecosystem of cloud accessible databases (like Parse, Firebase), authentication services (Auth0, AWS Cognito), etc.
  • ‘(Mobile) Backend as a Service’
  • ...33 more annotations...
  • Serverless can also mean applications where some amount of server-side logic is still written by the application developer but unlike traditional architectures is run in stateless compute containers that are event-triggered, ephemeral (may only last for one invocation), and fully managed by a 3rd party.
  • ‘Functions as a service
  • AWS Lambda is one of the most popular implementations of FaaS at present,
  • A good example is Auth0 - they started initially with BaaS ‘Authentication as a Service’, but with Auth0 Webtask they are entering the FaaS space.
  • a typical ecommerce app
  • a backend data-processing service
  • with zero administration.
  • FaaS offerings do not require coding to a specific framework or library.
  • Horizontal scaling is completely automatic, elastic, and managed by the provider
  • Functions in FaaS are triggered by event types defined by the provider.
  • a FaaS-supported message broker
  • from a deployment-unit point of view FaaS functions are stateless.
  • allowed the client direct access to a subset of our database
  • deleted the authentication logic in the original application and have replaced it with a third party BaaS service
  • The client is in fact well on its way to becoming a Single Page Application.
  • implement a FaaS function that responds to http requests via an API Gateway
  • port the search code from the Pet Store server to the Pet Store Search function
  • replaced a long lived consumer application with a FaaS function that runs within the event driven context
  • server applications - is a key difference when comparing with other modern architectural trends like containers and PaaS
  • the only code that needs to change when moving to FaaS is the ‘main method / startup’ code, in that it is deleted, and likely the specific code that is the top-level message handler (the ‘message listener interface’ implementation), but this might only be a change in method signature
  • With FaaS you need to write the function ahead of time to assume parallelism
  • Most providers also allow functions to be triggered as a response to inbound http requests, typically in some kind of API gateway
  • you should assume that for any given invocation of a function none of the in-process or host state that you create will be available to any subsequent invocation.
  • FaaS functions are either naturally stateless
  • store state across requests or for further input to handle a request.
  • certain classes of long lived task are not suited to FaaS functions without re-architecture
  • if you were writing a low-latency trading application you probably wouldn’t want to use FaaS systems at this time
  • An API Gateway is an HTTP server where routes / endpoints are defined in configuration and each route is associated with a FaaS function.
  • API Gateway will allow mapping from http request parameters to inputs arguments for the FaaS function
  • API Gateways may also perform authentication, input validation, response code mapping, etc.
  • the Serverless Framework makes working with API Gateway + Lambda significantly easier than using the first principles provided by AWS.
  • Apex - a project to ‘Build, deploy, and manage AWS Lambda functions with ease.'
  • 'Serverless' to mean the union of a couple of other ideas - 'Backend as a Service' and 'Functions as a Service'.
張 旭

The Difference Between Ruby Symbols and Strings - Robert Sosinski - 0 views

www.robertsosinski.com/...tween-ruby-symbols-and-strings

ruby rails symbol programming

shared by 張 旭 on 09 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • Symbols are immutable
  • immutable objects can only be overwritten
  • mutable Strings can have their share of issues in terms of creating unexpected results and reduced performance
張 旭

How To Install and Use Docker: Getting Started | DigitalOcean - 0 views

www.digitalocean.com/...and-use-docker-getting-started

docker system deploy

shared by 張 旭 on 26 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • docker as a project offers you the complete set of higher-level tools to carry everything that forms an application across systems and machines - virtual or physical - and brings along loads more of great benefits with it
  • docker daemon: used to manage docker (LXC) containers on the host it runs
  • docker CLI: used to command and communicate with the docker daemon
  • ...20 more annotations...
  • containers: directories containing everything-your-application
  • images: snapshots of containers or base OS (e.g. Ubuntu) images
  • Dockerfiles: scripts automating the building process of images
  • Docker containers are basically directories which can be packed (e.g. tar-archived) like any other, then shared and run across various different machines and platforms (hosts).
  • Linux Containers can be defined as a combination various kernel-level features (i.e. things that Linux-kernel can do) which allow management of applications (and resources they use) contained within their own environment
  • Each container is layered like an onion and each action taken within a container consists of putting another block (which actually translates to a simple change within the file system) on top of the previous one.
  • Each docker container starts from a docker image which forms the base for other applications and layers to come.
  • Docker images constitute the base of docker containers from which everything starts to form
  • a solid, consistent and dependable base with everything that is needed to run the applications
  • As more layers (tools, applications etc.) are added on top of the base, new images can be formed by committing these changes.
  • a Dockerfile for automated image building
  • Dockerfiles are scripts containing a successive series of instructions, directions, and commands which are to be executed to form a new docker image.
  • As you work with a container and continue to perform actions on it (e.g. download and install software, configure files etc.), to have it keep its state, you need to “commit”.
  • Please remember to “commit” all your changes.
  • When you "run" any process using an image, in return, you will have a container.
  • When the process is not actively running, this container will be a non-running container. Nonetheless, all of them will reside on your system until you remove them via rm command.
  • To create a new container, you need to use a base image and specify a command to run.
  • you can not change the command you run after having created a container (hence specifying one during "creation")
  • If you would like to save the progress and changes you made with a container, you can use “commit”
  • turns your container to an image
張 旭

单表60亿记录等大数据场景的MySQL优化和运维之道 - 快课网 - 0 views

www.cricode.com/3981.html

mysql system performance HA database

shared by 張 旭 on 18 Nov 15 - No Cached
  • 存储引擎使用InnoDB
  • 变长字符串尽量使用varchar varbinary
  • 不在数据库中存储图片、文件等
  • ...34 more annotations...
  • 库名、表名、字段名、索引名使用小写字母，以下划线分割 ，需要见名知意
  • 所有字段均定义为NOT NULL ，除非你真的想存Null
  • 使用TIMESTAMP存储时间
  • 使用DECIMAL存储精确浮点数，用float有的时候会有问题
  • 单个索引字段数不超过5，单表索引数量不超过5，索引设计遵循B+ Tree索引最左前缀匹配原则
  • 建立的索引能覆盖80%主要的查询，不求全，解决问题的主要矛盾
  • 避免冗余索引
  • 索引这个东西是一把双刃剑，在加速读的同时也引入了很多额外的写入和锁，降低写入能力
  • 字段定义为varchar，但传入的值是个int，就会导致全表扫描，要求程序端要做好类型检查
  • 避免使用大表的JOIN，MySQL优化器对join优化策略过于简单
  • UPDATE、DELETE语句不使用LIMIT ，容易造成主从不一致
  • 高危操作检查，Drop前做好数据备份
  • 日志分析，主要是指的MySQL慢日志和错误日志
  • Percona公司根据Facebook OSC思路，用perl重写了一版，就是我们现在用得很多的pt-online-schema-change，软件本身非常成熟，支持目前主流版本
  • 原生主从同步肯定存在着性能和安全性问题
  • Sharding is very complex, so itʼs best not to shard until itʼs obvious that you will actually need to!
  • 有中间层控制拆分逻辑最好，否则拆分过细管理成本会很高
  • 全量binlog备份
  • xtrabackup热备
  • 采用分布式文件系统存储备份
  • 基于库级别的复制，所以如果你只有一个库，使用这个意义不大
  • 半同步复制，从5.5开始支持
  • 半同步通过从库返回ACK这种方式确认从库收到数据
  • Secondsbehindmaster来判断延时不可靠，在网络抖动或者一些特殊参数配置情况下，会造成这个值是0但其实延时很大了。通过heartbeat表插入时间戳这种机制判断延时是更靠谱的
  • Binlog格式，建议都采用row格式，数据一致性更好
  • 成熟开源事务存储引擎，支持ACID，支持事务四个隔离级别，更好的数据安全性，高性能高并发，MVCC，细粒度锁，支持O_DIRECT
  • 数据安全性至关重要，InnoDB完胜
  • 主流使用TokuDB主要是看中了它的高压缩比
  • TokuDB在测试过程中写入稳定性是非常好的
  • 单表容量在InnoDB下1TB+，使用Tokudb的lzma压缩到80GB
  • 独立写程序好一些，与程序解耦方便后期维护
  • 追踪字段值变化可以通过分析row格式binlog好一些
  • 解决了单表过大恢复时间问题，也支持online DDL
  • 物理备份采用xtrabackup热备方案比较好
張 旭

Getting Started with Rails - Ruby on Rails Guides - 0 views

guides.rubyonrails.org/getting_started.html

shared by 張 旭 on 22 Jan 14 - Cached
  • A controller's purpose is to receive specific requests for the application.
  • Routing decides which controller receives which requests
  • The view should just display that information
  • ...55 more annotations...
  • view templates are written in a language called ERB (Embedded Ruby) which is converted by the request cycle in Rails before being sent to the user.
  • Each action's purpose is to collect information to provide it to a view.
  • A view's purpose is to display this information in a human readable format.
  • routing file which holds entries in a special DSL (domain-specific language) that tells Rails how to connect incoming requests to controllers and actions.
  • You can create, read, update and destroy items for a resource and these operations are referred to as CRUD operations
  • A controller is simply a class that is defined to inherit from ApplicationController.
  • If not found, then it will attempt to load a template called application/new. It looks for one here because the PostsController inherits from ApplicationController
  • :formats specifies the format of template to be served in response. The default format is :html, and so Rails is looking for an HTML template.
  • :handlers, is telling us what template handlers could be used to render our template.
  • When you call form_for, you pass it an identifying object for this form. In this case, it's the symbol :post. This tells the form_for helper what this form is for.
  • that the action attribute for the form is pointing at /posts/new
  • When a form is submitted, the fields of the form are sent to Rails as parameters.
  • parameters can then be referenced inside the controller actions, typically to perform a particular task
  • params method is the object which represents the parameters (or fields) coming in from the form.
  • Active Record is smart enough to automatically map column names to model attributes,
  • Rails uses rake commands to run migrations, and it's possible to undo a migration after it's been applied to your database
  • every Rails model can be initialized with its respective attributes, which are automatically mapped to the respective database columns.
  • migration creates a method named change which will be called when you run this migration.
  • The action defined in this method is also reversible, which means Rails knows how to reverse the change made by this migration, in case you want to reverse it later
  • Migration filenames include a timestamp to ensure that they're processed in the order that they were created.
  • @post.save returns a boolean indicating whether the model was saved or not.
  • prevents an attacker from setting the model's attributes by manipulating the hash passed to the model.
  • If you want to link to an action in the same controller, you don't need to specify the :controller option, as Rails will use the current controller by default.
  • inherits from ActiveRecord::Base
  • Active Record supplies a great deal of functionality to your Rails models for free, including basic database CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Destroy) operations, data validation, as well as sophisticated search support and the ability to relate multiple models to one another.
  • Rails includes methods to help you validate the data that you send to models
  • Rails can validate a variety of conditions in a model, including the presence or uniqueness of columns, their format, and the existence of associated objects.
  • redirect_to will tell the browser to issue another request.
  • rendering is done within the same request as the form submission
  • Each request for a comment has to keep track of the post to which the comment is attached, thus the initial call to the find method of the Post model to get the post in question.
  • pluralize is a rails helper that takes a number and a string as its arguments. If the number is greater than one, the string will be automatically pluralized.
  • The render method is used so that the @post object is passed back to the new template when it is rendered.
  • The method: :patch option tells Rails that we want this form to be submitted via the PATCH HTTP method which is the HTTP method you're expected to use to update resources according to the REST protocol.
  • it accepts a hash containing the attributes that you want to update.
  • field_with_errors. You can define a css rule to make them standout
  • belongs_to :post, which sets up an Active Record association
  • creates comments as a nested resource within posts
  • call destroy on Active Record objects when you want to delete them from the database.
  • Rails allows you to use the dependent option of an association to achieve this.
  • store all external data as UTF-8
  • you're better off ensuring that all external data is UTF-8
  • use UTF-8 as the internal storage of your database
  • Rails defaults to converting data from your database into UTF-8 at the boundary.
  • :patch
  • By default forms built with the form_for helper are sent via POST
  • The :method and :'data-confirm' options are used as HTML5 attributes so that when the link is clicked, Rails will first show a confirm dialog to the user, and then submit the link with method delete. This is done via the JavaScript file jquery_ujs which is automatically included into your application's layout (app/views/layouts/application.html.erb) when you generated the application.
  • Without this file, the confirmation dialog box wouldn't appear.
  • just defines the partial template we want to render
  • As the render method iterates over the @post.comments collection, it assigns each comment to
  • a local variable named the same as the partial
  • use the authentication system
  • require and permit
  • the method is often made private to make sure it can't be called outside its intended context.
  • standard CRUD actions in each controller in the following order: index, show, new, edit, create, update and destroy.
  • must be placed before any private or protected method in the controller in order to work
張 旭

Active Record Basics - Ruby on Rails Guides - 0 views

guides.rubyonrails.org/active_record_basics.html

ruby rails programming development framework model database object

shared by 張 旭 on 22 Jan 14 - No Cached
  • the model - which is the layer of the system responsible for representing business data and logic.
  • Active Record facilitates the creation and use of business objects whose data requires persistent storage to a database
  • Rails will pluralize your class names to find the respective database table.
  • ...33 more annotations...
  • objects carry both persistent data and behavior which operates on that data
  • Object-Relational Mapping, commonly referred to as its abbreviation ORM, is a technique that connects the rich objects of an application to tables in a relational database management system
  • Represent associations between these models
  • Validate models before they get persisted to the database
  • The idea is that if you configure your applications in the very same way most of the times then this should be the default way.
  • Database Table - Plural with underscores separating words
  • use the ActiveRecord::Base.table_name= method to specify the table name
  • Model Class - Singular with the first letter of each word capitalized
  • Foreign keys - These fields should be named following the pattern singularized_table_name_id
  • Primary keys - By default, Active Record will use an integer column named id as the table's primary key
  • created_at
  • updated_at
  • (table_name)_count - Used to cache the number of belonging objects on associations.
  • Single Table Inheritance (STI)
  • Object Relational Mapping
  • class_name.yml
  • ActiveRecord::Base.primary_key=
  • CRUD is an acronym for the four verbs we use to operate on data: Create, Read, Update and Delete.
  • new method will return a new object
  • create will return the object and save it to the database.
  • Using the new method, an object can be instantiated without being saved
  • user.save will commit the record to the database
  • update_all class method
  • an Active Record object can be destroyed which removes it from the database
  • Validation is a very important issue to consider when persisting to database, so the methods create, save and update take it into account when running: they return false when validation fails and they didn't actually perform any operation on database.
  • a bang counterpart
  • Active Record callbacks allow you to attach code to certain events in the life-cycle of your models
  • Rails keeps track of which files have been committed to the database and provides rollback features
  • rake db:migrate
  • rake db:rollback
  • Convention over Configuration
    • 張 旭
      張 旭 on 12 Apr 16
       
      Model 是單數，Table 是複數。想象一下，處理 Object 的時候是逐一處理，但是存放的地方是放了一堆 Objects。
    • 張 旭
      張 旭 on 12 Apr 16
       
      外鍵是單數的形式，這也很好理解：因為關聯到的是一個外部的 Object
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