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smvacademy

PHP Interview Questions - 0 views

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Mike Wesch

The Internet and Social Life (Annual Review of Psychology 2004) - 1 views

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history internet web anonymity article

shared by Mike Wesch on 27 Jan 09 - Cached
  • However, the Internet is not merely the Swiss army knife of communications media. It has other critical differences from previously available communication media and settings (see, e.g., McKenna & Bargh 2000), and two of these differences especially have been the focus of most psychological and human-computer interaction research on the Internet. First, it is possible to be relatively anonymous on the Internet, especially when participating in electronic group venues such as chat rooms or newsgroups. This turns out to have important consequences for relationship development and group participation. second, computer-mediated communication (CMC) is not conducted face-to-face but in the absence of nonverbal features of communication such as tone of voice, facial expressions, and potentially influential interpersonal features such as physical attractiveness, skin color, gender, and so on. Much of the extant computer science and communications research has explored how the absence of these features affects the process and outcome of social interactions.
  • Sproull & Kiesler (1985) considered CMC to be an impoverished communication experience, with the reduction of available social cues resulting in a greater sense or feeling of anonymity. This in turn is said to have a deindividuating effect on the individuals involved, producing behavior that is more self-centered and less socially regulated than usual. This reduced-information model of Internet communication assumes further that the reduction of social cues, compared to richer face-to-face situations, must necessarily have negative effects on social interaction (i.e., a weaker, relatively impoverished social interaction).
  • The relative anonymity of the Internet can also contribute to close relationship formation through reducing the risks inherent in self-disclosure. Because selfdisclosure contributes to a sense of intimacy, making self-disclosure easier should facilitate relationship formation. In this regard Internet communication resembles the "strangers on a train" phenomenon described by Rubin (1975; also Derlega & Chaikin 1977). As Kang (2000, p. 1161) noted, "Cyberspace makes talking with strangers easier. The fundamental point of many cyber-realms, such as chat rooms, is to make new acquaintances. By contrast, in most urban settings, few environments encourage us to walk up to strangers and start chatting. In many cities, doing so would amount to a physical threat."Overall, then, the evidence suggests that rather than being an isolating, personally and socially maladaptive activity, communicating with others over the Internet not only helps to maintain close ties with one's family and friends, but also, if the individual is so inclined, facilitates the formation of close and meaningful new relationships within a relatively safe environment.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • STIGMATIZED IDENTITIES McKenna & Bargh (1998) reasoned that people with stigmatized social identities (see Frable 1993, Jones et al. 1984), such as homosexuality or fringe political beliefs, should be motivated to join and participate in Internet groups devoted to that identity, because of the relative anonymity and thus safety of Internet (compared to face-to-face) participation and the scarcity of such groups in "real life." Moreover, because it is their only venue in which to share and discuss this aspect of their identity, membership in the group should be quite important to these people, and so the norms of such groups should exert a stronger than usual influence over members' behavior. This prediction was confirmed by an archival and observational study of the frequency with which stigmatized-group members posted messages to (i.e., participated in) the group: Unlike in other Internet groups, participation increased when there was positive feedback from the other group members and decreased following negative feedback (McKenna & Bargh 1998, Study 1).
  • ON-LINE SUPPORT In harmony with these conclusions, Davison et al. (2000) studied the provision and seeking of social support on-line by those with grave illnesses, and found that people used Internet support groups particularly for embarrassing, stigmatized illnesses such as AIDS and prostate cancer (and also, understandably, for those illnesses that limit mobility such as multiple sclerosis). The authors point out that because of the anxiety and uncertainty they are feeling, patients are highly motivated by social comparison needs to seek out others with the same illness (p. 213), but prefer to do this on-line when the illness is an embarrassing, disfiguring, or otherwise stigmatized one, because of the anonymity afforded by Internet groups (p. 215).
  • Accordingly, Kang (2000) has argued that one potential social benefit of the Internet is to disrupt the reflexive operation of racial stereotypes, as racial anonymity is much easier to maintain on-line than off-line. For example, studies have found that African Americans and Hispanics pay more than do white consumers for the same car, but these price differences disappear if the car is instead purchased on-line (Scott Morton et al. 2003).
  • Yet racism itself is socially stigmatized-especially when it comes to extreme forms such as advocacy of white supremacy and racial violence (see McKenna & Bargh 1998, Study 3). Thus the cloak of relative anonymity afforded by the Internet can also be used as a cover for racial hate groups, especially for those members who are concerned about public disapproval of their beliefs; hence today there are more than 3000 websites containing racial hatred, agendas for violence, and even bomb-making instructions (Lee & Leets 2002). Glaser et al. (2002) infiltrated such a group and provide telling examples of the support and encouragement given by group members to each other to act on their hatreds. All things considered, then, we don't know yet whether the overall effect of the Internet will be a positive or a negative one where racial and ethnic divisions are concerned.
  • People are not passively affected by technology, but actively shape its use and influence (Fischer 1992, Hughes & Hans 2001). The Internet has unique, even transformational qualities as a communication channel, including relative anonymity and the ability to easily link with others who have similar interests, values, and beliefs. Research has found that the relative anonymity aspect encourages self-expression, and the relative absence of physical and nonverbal interaction cues (e.g., attractiveness) facilitates the formation of relationships on other, deeper bases such as shared values and beliefs. At the same time, however, these "limited bandwidth" features of Internet communication also tend to leave a lot unsaid and unspecified, and open to inference and interpretation.
  • As Lea & Spears (1995) and O'Sullivan (1996) have noted, studying how relationships form and are maintained on the Internet brings into focus the implicit assumptions and biases of our traditional (face-to-face) relationship and communication research literatures (see Cathcart & Gumpert 1983)-most especially the assumptions that face-to-face interactions, physical proximity, and nonverbal communication are necessary and essential to the processes of relating to each other effectively. By providing an alternative interaction setting in which interactions and relationships play by somewhat different rules, and have somewhat different outcomes, the Internet sheds light on those aspects of face-to-face interaction that we may have missed all along. Tyler (2002), for example, reacting to the research findings on Internet interaction, wonders whether it is the presence of physical features that makes face-to-face interaction what it is, or is it instead the immediacy of responses (compared to e-mail)? That's a question we never knew to ask before.
  • Spears et al. (2002) contrasted the engineering model with the "social science" perspective on the Internet, which assumes instead that personal goals and needs are the sole determinant of its effects. [In the domain of communications research, Blumler & Katz's (1974) "uses and gratifications" theory is an influential version of this approach.] According to this viewpoint, the particular purposes of the individuals within the communication setting determine the outcome of the interaction, regardless of the particular features of the communication channel in which the interaction takes place.The third and most recent approach has been to focus on the interaction between features of the Internet communication setting and the particular goals and needs of the communicators, as well as the social context of the interaction setting (see Bargh 2002, McKenna & Bargh 2000, Spears et al. 2002). According to this perspective, the special qualities of Internet social interaction do have an impact on the interaction and its outcomes, but this effect can be quite different depending on the social context. With these three guiding models in mind, we turn to a review of the relevant research.
hairyirockm33

Juicy Couture: Then And Now - 0 views

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Aemina Turner

Getting Started with Chrome extension - Diigo help - 0 views

help.diigo.com/...tting-started-chrome-extension

Diigo Chrome

shared by Aemina Turner on 14 Sep 16 - No Cached
  • Use the “Save” option to bookmark a page. Bookmarking saves a link to the page in your online Diigo library, allowing you to easily access it later.
  • Highlighting can also be accomplished from the context pop-up. After the Chrome extension is installed, whenever you select text on a webpage, the context pop-up will appear, allowing you to accomplish text-related annotation. Highlight Pop-up Menu – After you highlight some text, position your mouse cursor over it and the highlight pop-up menu will appear. The highlight pop-up menu allows you to add notes to, share, or delete the highlight.
  • Sticky Note Click the middle icon on the annotation toolbar to add a sticky note to the page. With a sticky note, you can write your thoughts anywhere on a web page.
Ultimate Stock

Getting Started with Chrome extension - Diigo help - 0 views

help.diigo.com/...tting-started-chrome-extension

Diigo Chrome

shared by Ultimate Stock on 16 Jun 16 - No Cached
  • Use the “Save” option to bookmark a page. Bookmarking saves a link to the page in your online Diigo library, allowing you to easily access it later.
  • Highlighting can also be accomplished from the context pop-up. After the Chrome extension is installed, whenever you select text on a webpage, the context pop-up will appear, allowing you to accomplish text-related annotation. Highlight Pop-up Menu – After you highlight some text, position your mouse cursor over it and the highlight pop-up menu will appear. The highlight pop-up menu allows you to add notes to, share, or delete the highlight.
  • Sticky Note Click the middle icon on the annotation toolbar to add a sticky note to the page. With a sticky note, you can write your thoughts anywhere on a web page.
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Mike Wesch

Investigative Report Reveals Hackers Terrorize the Internet for LULZ | Threat Level fro... - 0 views

blog.wired.com/...investigative-r.html

anonymous

shared by Mike Wesch on 28 May 08 - Cached
  • Mr. Shuman and the FoxLA News Team, True to your vociferous journalistic fashion, you recently ran a piece on Anonymous and the "Internet Hate Machine". In your zeal, you've distorted the truth. We, Anonymous, have been victims of a gross mischaracterization. Anonymous is a docile beast, and never attacks without provocation, or just cause. Over 9000 strong, Anonymous is legion. Anonymous is NOT a terrorist. Anonymous is not a gang. Anonymous is not a hacker, and Anonymous if not a racist. Anonymous is the sick little bastard inside all of us. Anonymous giggles at accidents and cackles at tragedies. Anonymous is humanity when the spotlight of society is shining elsewhere. Anonymous is your neighbor and your grocer, your doctor and your friend. Anonymous is not to be feared, but respected and ignored.Anonymous wants to be left ALONE. "...and he ashed him, What is thy name? And he saith unto him, My name is Legion; for we re many." ANONYMOUS is legion. Anonymous doesn't forgive. Anonymous doesn't forget. EVER. United as one, divided by zero.
  • Anonymous is a docile beast, and never attacks without provocation, or just cause. Over 9000 strong, Anonymous is legion. Anonymous is NOT a terrorist. Anonymous is not a gang. Anonymous is not a hacker, and Anonymous if not a racist. Anonymous is the sick little bastard inside all of us. Anonymous giggles at accidents and cackles at tragedies. Anonymous is humanity when the spotlight of society is shining elsewhere. Anonymous is your neighbor and your grocer, your doctor and your friend. Anonymous did the mash. He did the monster mash. The monster mash. It was a graveyard smash. He did the mash. It caught on in a flash. He did the mash. He did the monster mash
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milojohn79

Getting Started with Chrome extension - Diigo help - 0 views

help.diigo.com/...tting-started-chrome-extension

Diigo Chrome

shared by milojohn79 on 01 Sep 22 - No Cached
  • Use the “Save” option to bookmark a page. Bookmarking saves a link to the page in your online Diigo library, allowing you to easily access it later.
  • Highlighting can also be accomplished from the context pop-up. After the Chrome extension is installed, whenever you select text on a webpage, the context pop-up will appear, allowing you to accomplish text-related annotation. Highlight Pop-up Menu – After you highlight some text, position your mouse cursor over it and the highlight pop-up menu will appear. The highlight pop-up menu allows you to add notes to, share, or delete the highlight.
  • Sticky Note Click the middle icon on the annotation toolbar to add a sticky note to the page. With a sticky note, you can write your thoughts anywhere on a web page.
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Kevin Champion

Kevin Kelly -- The Technium - 0 views

www.kk.org/...on_the_option_o.php

anonymity digeth

shared by Kevin Champion on 27 Jan 09 - Cached
  • Anonymity is like a rare earth metal. These rare elements are an absolutely necessary ingredient in keeping a cell alive, but the amount needed is a mere hard-to-measure trace. In larger does these heavy metals are some of the most toxic substances known to a life. They kill. Take cadmium. Essential for life in very minute amounts; toxic in any significant amount. Anonymity is the same. As a trace element in vanishing small doses, it's good for the system by enabling the occasional whistleblower, confessional, or persecuted dissent in a tyrannical regime. But if anonymity is present in any significant quantity, it will poison the system, even a half-rotten system. I believe anonymity is essential. It is vital to a healthy society and market. Without the option of anonymity I believe a society would be less than optimal. Indeed I would fight vigorously to keep the option of being anonymous as an essential part of any society. It is both humane and wise. At the same time I think there can be too much anonymity at work. When it becomes a default option it poisons the community -- like a rare-earth metal. My argument is not against anonymity but against too much of it.
  • What do I mean by anonymity? An untraceable, unaccountable, undistinguishable agent. Someone who engages in an activity cloaked in the identity of the tag "anonymous." I do not mean a vegetable vendor in a market whose name you do not know, because that person is both distinguishable and potentially traceable.  I mean people who post using anonymous as a habit.
  • Kevin Champion on 27 Jan 09
     
    If true, this would be a bit damning to anonymous.
Yann Leroux

The Ridiculant | Stuff we found down the back of the internet - 0 views

theridiculant.metro.co.uk/...-it-without-really-trying.html

shared by Yann Leroux on 28 Jan 09 - Cached
  • It all kicked off when Boxxy’s video was posted to the notorious EBAUMSWORLD* messageboard, as a challenge to see if anybody could make it through the entire video without going mad.
  • Posted by: HHahsHASs | January 22, 2009 at 02:08 PM Wow, this whole article is wrong. Did the journalist even bother to research? Boxxy was started by ebaumsworld.com. DO NOT GO TO 4CHAN. Only go to 4Chan if you want spam and viruses on your computer. My friend went to that site the other day and now his computer is complete dead. By the way, how is this news? Boxxy has been around for like a month now.
  • Posted by: Anonymous | January 22, 2009 at 02:57 PM It's quite clear that Tom Phillips is new to the reporting game and win not last long with shit like this.
Kevin Champion

Maintained Relationships on Facebook | overstated - 0 views

overstated.net/...ined-relationships-on-facebook

digeth facebook social networks socialmedia

shared by Kevin Champion on 11 Mar 09 - Cached
  • What it shows is that, as a function of the people a Facebook user actively communicate with, you are passively engaging with between 2 and 2.5 times more people in their network. I’m sure many people have had this feeling, but these data make this effect more transparent.
  • The stark contrast between reciprocal and passive networks shows the effect of technologies such as News Feed. If these people were required to talk on the phone to each other, we might see something like the reciprocal network, where everyone is connected to a small number of individuals. Moving to an environment where everyone is passively engaged with each other, some event, such as a new baby or engagement can propagate very quickly through this highly connected network.
  • All Friends: the largest representation of a person’s network is the set of all people they have verified as friends. Reciprocal Communication: as a measure of a sort of core network, we counted the number of people with whom a person had had reciprocal communications, or an active exchange of information between two parties. One-way Communication: the total set of people with whom a person has communicated. Maintained Relationships: to measure engagement, we took the set of people for whom a user had clicked on a News Feed story or visited their profile more than twice.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Peter Marsden found the number of people with whom individuals “can discuss important matters” numbers only 3 for Americans[3]. In a subsequent survey, researchers found that this number has dropped slightly over the past 10 years[4], causing some alarm in the press, but without sufficient explanation[5].
  • Killworth, et al. found using this technique and others that the number of people a person will know in their lifetime ranges somewhere between 300 and 3000[1]. On Facebook, the average number of friends that a person has is currently 120[2]. Given that Facebook has only been around for 5 years, that not everyone uses it, and that the not every acquaintance has found each other, this number seems reasonable for an average user.
  • We were asked a simple question: is Facebook increasing the size of people’s personal networks?
Kevin Champion

Kevin Kelly -- The Technium - 0 views

www.kk.org/...evidence_of_a_g.php

anonymous future digeth kevinkelly

shared by Kevin Champion on 27 Jan 09 - Cached
  • In the case of the One Machine we should look for evidence of self-governance at the level of the greater cloud rather than at the component chip level. A very common cloud-level phenomenon is a DDoS attack. In a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack a vast hidden network of computers under the control of a master computer are awakened from their ordinary tasks and secretly assigned to "ping" (call) a particular target computer in mass in order to overwhelm it and take it offline. Some of these networks (called bot nets) may reach a million unsuspecting computers, so the effect of this distributed attack is quite substantial. From the individual level it is hard to detect the net, to pin down its command, and to stop it. DDoS attacks are so massive that they can disrupt traffic flows outside of the targeted routers - a consequence we might expect from an superorganism level event.
  • Unsurprisingly the vast flows of bits in the global internet exhibit periodic rhythms. Most of these are diurnal, and resemble a heartbeat. But perturbations of internet bit flows caused by massive traffic congestion can also be seen. Analysis of these "abnormal" events show great similarity to abnormal heart beats. They deviate from an "at rest" rhythms the same way that fluctuations of a diseased heart deviated from a healthy heart beat. Prediction: The One Machine has a low order of autonomy at present. If the superorganism hypothesis is correct in the next decade we should detect increased scale-invariant phenomenon, more cases of stabilizing feedback loops, and a more autonomous traffic management system.
  • 3) Perhaps 4chan is its face? Perhaps Anonymous speaks for the ii? Memes drift up out of the morass of /b/tards into the world, seemingly without a concrete source. “I CAN HAZ CHEEZBURGER” may be the global intelligence saying “hi”… or perhaps more poetically, babbling like a baby. http://online.wsj.com/article/SB121564928060441097.html?mod=rss_E-Commerce/Media
  • Kevin Champion on 27 Jan 09
     
    Kevin Kelly is an amazing theorist about technology and here outlines the potential of it creating a global superorganism. Section II about autonomy is very interesting in context and a commenter suggests that perhaps Anonymous is the emerging face of this autonomous superorganism. Very intriguining indeed, but do you buy it?
Adam Bohannon

"The Not-So-Hidden Politics of Class Online" danah boyd - 0 views

www.danah.org/...PDF2009.html

inequality stratification facebook myspace politics sociology anthropology technology socialnetworking

shared by Adam Bohannon on 30 Jun 09 - Cached
  • Structurally, social networks are driven by homophily even when there are individual exceptions. And sure enough, in the digital world, we see this manifested right before our eyes.
  • One thing to keep in mind about social media: the internet mirrors and magnifies pre-existing dynamics.
  • In many ways, the Internet is providing a next generation public sphere. Unfortunately, it's also bringing with it next generation divides. The public sphere was never accessible to everyone. There's a reason than the scholar Habermas talked about it as the bourgeois public sphere. The public sphere was historically the domain of educated, wealthy, white, straight men. The digital public sphere may make certain aspects of public life more accessible to some, but this is not a given. And if the ways in which we construct the digital public sphere reinforce the divisions that we've been trying to break down, we've got a problem.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Although most of you call these sites "social networking sites," there's almost no networking going on. People use these sites to connect to the people they know.
  • 1) Social stratification is pervasive in American society (and around the globe). Social media does not magically eradicate inequality. Rather, it mirrors what is happening in everyday life and makes social divisions visible. What we see online is not the property of these specific sites, but the pattern of adoption and development that emerged as people embraced them. People brought their biases with them to these sites and they got baked in. 2) There is no universal public online. What we see as user "choice" in social media often has to do with structural forces like homophily in people's social networks. Social stratification in this country is not cleanly linked to race or education or socio-economic factors, although all are certainly present. More than anything, social stratification is a social networks issue. People connect to people who think like them and they think like the people with whom they are connected. The digital publics that unfold highlight and reinforce structural divisions.
  • 3) If you are trying to connect with the public, where you go online matters. If you choose to make Facebook your platform for civic activity, you are implicitly suggesting that a specific class of people is more worth your time and attention than others. Of course, splitting your attention can also be costly and doesn't necessarily mean that you'll be reaching everyone anyhow. You're damned if you do and damned if you don't. The key to developing a social media strategy is to understand who you're reaching and who you're not and make certain that your perspective is accounting for said choices. Understand your biases and work to counter them. 4) The Internet has enabled many new voices to enter the political fray, but not everyone is sitting at the table. There's a terrible tendency in this country, and especially among politically minded folks, to interpret an advancement as a solution. We have not eradicated racism. We have not eradicated sexism. We have not eradicated inequality. While we've made tremendous strides in certain battles, the war is not over. The worst thing we can do is to walk away and congratulate ourselves for all of the good things that have happened. Such attitudes create new breeding grounds for increased stratification.
Mike Wesch

"Birthers" Fouling OpenGovt Interactive Site | Personal Democracy Forum - 0 views

personaldemocracy.com/8201

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shared by Mike Wesch on 02 Jun 09 - Cached
  • The parties creating controversy and "conspiracy" are Barry and his handlers. Man doesn't hide all his personal records for no reason. Doesn't drop $1 million plus on attorneys to ensure his dirty little secret stays a secret. The little fraud should be exposed. What he's done is unconscionable. He makes James Frey look like Honest Abe. Btw, you sound like a 14 year old girl in the throes of post American Idol heartbreaker hissy fit.
  • "Birthers" by jorji on June 2, 2009 - 12:24pm Micah, Creating a catchy little title ("birthers") for those who have informed themselves enough to understand the difference between a short form birth certificate (certificate of live birth--at the time used also for registering a birth in Hawaii, regardless of whether that birth actually took place in Hawaii) and a long form birth certificate (includes information not available on the short form, such as attending doctor, and hospital where the birth took place), does not make such informed citizens either nuts or conspiracy theorists. Asking for proof of the constitutionally demanded eligability is only good citizenship. Deriding those who care about the constitution does not however, make you a good citizen, Micah. Jorj
  • Birther NUTS trashing town hall by Stingray on June 2, 2009 - 10:21am To Micah Sifry; The site was created for response from the citizens of our country. You are obviously not aware of the importance of the 'Natural Born' issue at question, rather than just being a 'citizen'. To call those American Citizens 'NUTS' because they have a legitimate question regarding that issue in light of everything going on at such a rapid-fire pace is nothing short of blatant prejudice and hatred for those that disagree with you! You, Micah Sifry, are exactly what you are calling others! If you can't stand to be disagreed with, then you just plain don't belong here!
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