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robertp885

Buy Soundcloud Premium Accounts - Real, Bulk & Verified - 0 views

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robertp885

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timmhaubrich532

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Adam Bohannon

Social Capital in Virtual Learning Communities and Distributed Communities of Practice - 0 views

  • Researchers in the social sciences and humanities consider social ties to be a social resource. Such a resource is referred to as social capital.
  • Narayan and Pritchett (1997) suggested that communities with high social capital have frequent interaction, which in turn cultivates norms of reciprocity through which learners become more willing to help one another, and which improve coordination and dissemination of information and knowledge sharing. Social capital has been used as a framework for understanding a wide range of social issues in temporal communities. It has been used for the investigation of issues such as trust, participation, and cooperation.
  • In one of the earliest definitions of social capital, Hanifan (1916) stated that social capital included "those intangible substances [that] count for most in the daily lives of people - namely goodwill, fellowship, sympathy and social intercourse among the individuals and families who make up a social unit." Many years later, Coleman (1988) followed a similar line of thinking when he suggested that social capital refers to supportive relationships among adults and children that promote the sharing of norms and values.
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  • Woolcock (1998) argues that social capital `encompasses the norms and networks facilitating collective action for mutual benefit.'
  • Fountain (1998) defines social capital as the institutional effectiveness of inter-organizational relationships and cooperation—horizontally among similar firms in associations, vertically in supply chains, and multidirectional links to sources of technical knowledge, human resources, and public agencies.
  • Nahapiet and Ghoshal (1998) defined social capital as the sum of actual and potential resources embedded within, available through and derived from the network of relationships possessed by an individual or social unit.
  • And Fukuyama (1999) included informal norms that promote cooperation between two or more individuals. The norms that constitute social capital can range from a norm of reciprocity between two friends, all the way up to complex and elaborately articulated doctrines like Christianity, Islamism or Confucianism. And so by definition, trust, networks, civil society, and the like which have been associated with social capital are all epiphenomenal, arising as a result of social capital but not constituting social capital itself.
  • A meta-societal definition of social capital was offered by the World Bank (1999), which referred to the institutions, relationships, and norms that shape the quality and quantity of a society's social interactions. In this view, social capital is seen not merely as the sum of the institutions that underpin a society _ it is the glue that holds them together.
  • Cohen and Prusak (2001) extend Putnam's definition to define social capital as a stock of active connections among people, which covers the trust, mutual understanding, and shared values and behaviours that bind people as members of human networks and communities.
  • As a working definition, we define social capital in virtual learning communities as . common social resource that facilitates information exchange, knowledge sharing, and knowledge construction through continuous interaction, built on trust and maintained through shared understanding.
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    Social capital has recently emerged as an important interdisciplinary research area. It is frequently used as a framework for understanding various social issues in temporal communities, neighbourhoods and groups. In particular, researchers in the social sciences and the humanities have used social capital to understand trust, shared understanding, reciprocal relationships, social network structures, common norms and cooperation, and the roles these entities play in various aspects of temporal communities. Despite proliferation of research in this area, little work has been done to extend this effort to technology-driven learning communities (also known as virtual learning communities). This paper surveys key interdisciplinary research areas in social capital. It also explores how the notions of social capital and trust can be extended to virtual communities, including virtual learning communities and distributed communities of practice. Research issues surrounding social capital and trust as they relate to technology-driven learning communities are identified.
qfqxbyf1

Black Watch Ralph Lauren DiMartedì - 0 views

Un elenco sterminato. Un «metodo» di lavoro scoperto anche grazie a questo giornale e adesso censurato da una condanna di primo grado. «Ho rischiato di lasciarci le penne. Sono quasi svenuto, senti...

Black Watch Ralph Lauren Giacche

started by qfqxbyf1 on 06 Oct 14 no follow-up yet
Steven Kelly

Why You Learn More Effectively by Writing Than Typing - 10 views

  • {"data":[{"original":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawker.com\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"1280","height":"720"},"xlarge":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"640","height":"360"},"medium":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"300","height":"169"},"small":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg","width":"190","height":"107"}},{"original":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawker.com\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"340","height":"284"},"xlarge":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"340","height":"284"},"medium":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"300","height":"251"},"small":{"url":"http:\/\/cache.gawkerassets.com\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png","width":"190","height":"107"}}],"lookup":{"\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"original","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"xlarge","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"medium","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_1300-writing-is-better-than-typing.jpg":{"transform":"small","pos":0},"\/assets\/images\/lifehacker\/2011\/01\/screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"original","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/xlarge_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"xlarge","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/medium_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"medium","pos":1},"\/assets\/images\/17\/2011\/01\/small_screen_shot_2011-01-19_at_1.45.44_pm.png":{"transform":"small","pos":1}}} Please confirm your birth date: Please enter a valid date Please enter your full birth year This content is restricted. .toppic .post-body img.image_0 { display: none; } Full size writing jQuery( '#fbPlaceholder' ).append( '' ) Share this post × var twEl = document.createElement( 'script' ); twEl.type="text/javascript"; twEl.src = 'http://platform.twitter.com/widgets.js'; jQuery( '#twitterPlaceholder' ).append( twEl ); (function() { var s = document.createElement('SCRIPT'), s1 = document.getElementsByTagName('SCRIPT')[0]; s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = 'http://widgets.digg.com/buttons.js'; s1.parentNode.insertBefore(s, s1); })(); 3diggsdigg Why You Learn More Effectively by Writing Than Typing Melanie Pinola — The act of writing helps you clarify your thoughts, remember things better, and reach your goals more surely. Here's a look at the science and psychology behind writing, and why the pen may be mightier than the keyboard.
    • Kelsey Duck
       
      This is awesome. Do you have any sights where I can look this kind of "keyboard" up
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    Interesting article about the learning benefits of traditional writing vs. typing.
zubair789

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michol lasti

Ares 2.3.1 Free Download | librosdigitalescs software - 0 views

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Katie Hines

YouTube - Frank Warren PostSecret Event - 0 views

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Mike Wesch

Are the Creators of Twitter Living in the Last Dreamworld on Earth? -- New York Magazine - 0 views

  • That is to say: Are we really becoming a nation of people who reflexively share information with everyone the minute we have it? We might be. Twitter has no choice but to hope so. They might be right.
  • He would have been vilified by bloggers and Twitterers alike. His is a culture of sharing information. This is the culture Twitter is counting on. Whatever your thoughts on its ability to exist outside the collapsing economy or its inability (so far) to put a price tag on its services, that’s a real thing. That’s the instinct Stone was talking about. If the nation has tens of millions of people like Krums, that’s a phenomenon. That’s what Twitter is waiting for.
  • On his personal blog, Krums, five days before the crash, posted that one of his goals for 2009 was to “Have over 1000 followers on Twitter,” adding, “this goal has no real purpose other that to prove that I can do it. It will make me feel better about myself.” Needless to say, after the crash, it worked: He’s at more than 4,000.
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    That is to say: Are we really becoming a nation of people who reflexively share information with everyone the minute we have it? We might be. Twitter has no choice but to hope so. They might be right.
anonymous

A List of some of the best Music websites + download, listen, search and share songs fo... - 0 views

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anonymous

A List of some of the best Music websites + download, listen, search and share songs fo... - 0 views

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    Today i am introducing to you a set of the best music sharing web tools. All these tools are free and easy to use. They can allow you to listen and share music with your friends through a real time listening. Educators can use these tools to educationally share and study songs with their students as well.
michol lasti

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rahima400

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timmhaubrich532

USA Gmail Account - 100% real and usa verified accounts - 0 views

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Zero Shulk

Getting to know the dangers and positives of the Indian share market - 1 views

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    The Indian share market is definitely filled with volatility, with the market conditions going up and done every now and then and without any notice.
Greta

Privnote - Send notes that will self-destruct after being read - 0 views

shared by Greta on 10 Feb 09 - No Cached
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    Kind of a Post-Secret-like thing...sharing information anonymously as a catharsis
Trapper Callender

Man-Computer Symbiosis - 2 views

  • In short, it seems worthwhile to avoid argument with (other) enthusiasts for artificial intelligence by conceding dominance in the distant future of cerebration to machines alone.
  • There will nevertheless be a fairly long interim during which the main intellectual advances will be made by men and computers working together in intimate association. A multidisciplinary study group, examining future research and development problems of the Air Force, estimated that it would be 1980 before developments in artificial intelligence make it possible for machines alone to do much thinking or problem solving of military significance. That would leave, say, five years to develop man-computer symbiosis and 15 years to use it. The 15 may be 10 or 500, but those years should be intellectually the most creative and exciting in the history of mankind.
  • It is often said that programming for a computing machine forces one to think clearly, that it disciplines the thought process. If the user can think his problem through in advance, symbiotic association with a computing machine is not necessary.
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  • They would be easier to solve, and they could be solved faster, through an intuitively guided trial-and-error procedure in which the computer cooperated, turning up flaws in the reasoning or revealing unexpected turns in the solution.
  • Poincare anticipated the frustration of an important group of would-be computer users when he said, "The question is not, 'What is the answer?' The question is, 'What is the question?'" One of the main aims of man-computer symbiosis is to bring the computing machine effectively into the formulative parts of technical problems.
  • It is to bring computing machines effectively into processes of thinking that must go on in "real time," time that moves too fast to permit using computers in conventional ways.
  • To think in interaction with a computer in the same way that you think with a colleague whose competence supplements your own will require much tighter coupling between man and machine than is suggested by the example and than is possible today.
  • Throughout the period I examined, in short, my "thinking" time was devoted mainly to activities that were essentially clerical or mechanical: searching, calculating, plotting, transforming, determining the logical or dynamic consequences of a set of assumptions or hypotheses, preparing the way for a decision or an insight. Moreover, my choices of what to attempt and what not to attempt were determined to an embarrassingly great extent by considerations of clerical feasibility, not intellectual capability.
  • the operations that fill most of the time allegedly devoted to technical thinking are operations that can be performed more effectively by machines than by men.
  • If those problems can be solved in such a way as to create a symbiotic relation between a man and a fast information-retrieval and data-processing machine, however, it seems evident that the cooperative interaction would greatly improve the thinking process.
  • Computing machines can do readily, well, and rapidly many things that are difficult or impossible for man, and men can do readily and well, though not rapidly, many things that are difficult or impossible for computers. That suggests that a symbiotic cooperation, if successful in integrating the positive characteristics of men and computers, would be of great value. The differences in speed and in language, of course, pose difficulties that must be overcome.
  • Men will fill in the gaps, either in the problem solution or in the computer program, when the computer has no mode or routine that is applicable in a particular circumstance.
  • Clearly, for the sake of efficiency and economy, the computer must divide its time among many users. Timesharing systems are currently under active development. There are even arrangements to keep users from "clobbering" anything but their own personal programs.
  • It seems reasonable to envision, for a time 10 or 15 years hence, a "thinking center" that will incorporate the functions of present-day libraries together with anticipated advances in information storage and retrieval and the symbiotic functions suggested earlier in this paper. The picture readily enlarges itself into a network of such centers, connected to one another by wide-band communication lines and to individual users by leased-wire services. In such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
  • The first thing to face is that we shall not store all the technical and scientific papers in computer memory. We may store the parts that can be summarized most succinctly-the quantitative parts and the reference citations-but not the whole. Books are among the most beautifully engineered, and human-engineered, components in existence, and they will continue to be functionally important within the context of man-computer symbiosis. (Hopefully, the computer will expedite the finding, delivering, and returning of books.)
  • The second point is that a very important section of memory will be permanent: part indelible memory and part published memory. The computer will be able to write once into indelible memory, and then read back indefinitely, but the computer will not be able to erase indelible memory. (It may also over-write, turning all the 0's into l's, as though marking over what was written earlier.) Published memory will be "read-only" memory. It will be introduced into the computer already structured. The computer will be able to refer to it repeatedly, but not to change it.
  • The basic dissimilarity between human languages and computer languages may be the most serious obstacle to true symbiosis.
  • In short: instructions directed to computers specify courses; instructions-directed to human beings specify goals.
  • We may in due course see a serious effort to develop computer programs that can be connected together like the words and phrases of speech to do whatever computation or control is required at the moment. The consideration that holds back such an effort, apparently, is that the effort would produce nothing that would be of great value in the context of existing computers. It would be unrewarding to develop the language before there are any computing machines capable of responding meaningfully to it.
  • By and large, in generally available computers, however, there is almost no provision for any more effective, immediate man-machine communication than can be achieved with an electric typewriter.
  • Displays seem to be in a somewhat better state than controls. Many computers plot graphs on oscilloscope screens, and a few take advantage of the remarkable capabilities, graphical and symbolic, of the charactron display tube. Nowhere, to my knowledge, however, is there anything approaching the flexibility and convenience of the pencil and doodle pad or the chalk and blackboard used by men in technical discussion.
  • 2) Computer-Posted Wall Display: In some technological systems, several men share responsibility for controlling vehicles whose behaviors interact. Some information must be presented simultaneously to all the men, preferably on a common grid, to coordinate their actions. Other information is of relevance only to one or two operators. There would be only a confusion of uninterpretable clutter if all the information were presented on one display to all of them. The information must be posted by a computer, since manual plotting is too slow to keep it up to date.
  • Laboratory experiments have indicated repeatedly that informal, parallel arrangements of operators, coordinating their activities through reference to a large situation display, have important advantages over the arrangement, more widely used, that locates the operators at individual consoles and attempts to correlate their actions through the agency of a computer. This is one of several operator-team problems in need of careful study.
  • 3) Automatic Speech Production and Recognition: How desirable and how feasible is speech communication between human operators and computing machines?
  • Yet there is continuing interest in the idea of talking with computing machines.
  • In large part, the interest stems from realization that one can hardly take a military commander or a corporation president away from his work to teach him to type. If computing machines are ever to be used directly by top-level decision makers, it may be worthwhile to provide communication via the most natural means, even at considerable cost.
  • It seems reasonable, therefore, for computer specialists to be the ones who interact directly with computers in business offices.
  • Certainly, if the equipment were already developed, reliable, and available, it would be used.
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    Man-computer symbiosis is an expected development in cooperative interaction between men and electronic computers. It will involve very close coupling between the human and the electronic members of the partnership. The main aims are 1) to let computers facilitate formulative thinking as they now facilitate the solution of formulated problems, and 2) to enable men and computers to cooperate in making decisions and controlling complex situations without inflexible dependence on predetermined programs. In the anticipated symbiotic partnership, men will set the goals, formulate the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computing machines will do the routinizable work that must be done to prepare the way for insights and decisions in technical and scientific thinking. Preliminary analyses indicate that the symbiotic partnership will perform intellectual operations much more effectively than man alone can perform them. Prerequisites for the achievement of the effective, cooperative association include developments in computer time sharing, in memory components, in memory organization, in programming languages, and in input and output equipment.
mk19198

Facebook Autopilot Share like a human intro - YouTube - 0 views

shared by mk19198 on 21 Jan 15 - No Cached
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    Facebook autopilot is a creative software, which can share on Facebook groups and comments just like a real human
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