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Gabrijela Vrbnjak

Brain-to-brain interface lets rats share information via internet | Science | The Guardian - 0 views

  • News Science Neuroscience Brain-to-brain interface lets rats share information via internet Rats thousands of miles apart collaborate on simple tasks with their brains connected through the internet Share 9893 inShare61 Email Ian Sample, science correspondent The Guardian, Friday 1 March 2013 jQ(document).ready(function(){ jQ.ajax({ url : 'http://resource.guim.co.uk/global/static/file/discussion/5/fill-comment-counts-swimlaned.js', dataType : 'script', type : 'get', crossDomain : true, cache: true }); }); Jump to comments (449) A rat with a brain-to-brain implant responds to a light (circled) by pressing a lever. Its motor cortex was connected to that of another rat. Photograph: Scientific Reports Scientists have connected the brains of a pair of animals and allowed them to share sensory information
  • US team fitted two rats with devices called brain-to-brain interfaces that let the animals collaborate on simple tasks to earn rewards
  • experiments showed that we have established a sophisticated, direct communication linkage between brains
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  • In one radical demonstration of the technology, the scientists used the internet to link the brains of two rats separated
  • If the receiving rat failed at the task, the first rat was not rewarded with a drink, and appeared to change its behaviour to make the task easier for its partner.
  • an organic computer
  • we are creating
  • Even though the animals were on different continents
  • they could still communicate
  • we could create a workable network of animal brains distributed in many different locations
  • you could imagine that a combination of brains could provide solutions that individual brains cannot achieve by themselves
  • the work was "very important" in helping to understand how brains encode information
  • Very little is known about how thoughts are encoded and how they might be transmitted into another person's brain – so that is not a realistic prospect any time soon
Gabrijela Vrbnjak

BBC News - Web code weakness allows data dump on PCs - 0 views

  • The loophole exploits a feature of HTML 5 which defines how websites are made and what they can do.
  • Developer Feross Aboukhadijeh found the bug and set up a demo page that fills visitors' hard drives with pictures of cartoon cats. In one demo, Mr Aboukhadijeh managed to dump one gigabyte of data every 16 seconds onto a vulnerable Macbook. Clever code Most major browsers, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera and Safari, were found to be vulnerable to the bug, said Mr Aboukhadijeh. While most websites are currently built using version 4 of the Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML), that code is gradually being superseded by the newer version 5. One big change brought in with HTML 5 lets websites store more data locally on visitors' PCs. Safeguards built into the "local storage" specification should limit how much data can be stored. Different browsers allow different limits but all allow at least 2.5 megabytes to be stored. However, Mr Aboukhadijeh found a way round this cap by creating lots of temporary websites linked to the one a person actually visited. He found that each one of these associated sites was allowed to store up to the limit of data because browser makers had not written code to stop this happening. By endlessly creating new, linked websites the bug can be used to siphon huge amounts of data onto target PCs. Only Mozilla's Firefox capped storage at 5MB and was not vulnerable, he found. "Cleverly coded websites have effectively unlimited storage space on visitor's computers," wrote Mr Aboukhadijeh in a blogpost about the bug. Code to exploit the bug has been released by Mr Aboukhadijeh and he set up a website, called Filldisk that, on vulnerable PCs, dumps lots of images of cats on to the hard drive. So far, no malicious use of the exploits has been observed. In a bid to solve the problem, bug reports about the exploit have been filed with major browser makers. More on This Story .related-links-list li { position: relative; } .related-links-list .gvl3-icon { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } Related Stories Firefox smartphone partners revealed 24 FEBRUARY 2013, TECHNOLOGY Flash Player exits Android store 15 AUGUST 2012, TECHNOLOGY HTML 5 target for cybercriminals 02 DECEMBER 2011, TECHNOLOGY $render("page-see-also","ID"); $render("page-newstracker","ID"); Related Internet links Feross Aboukhadijeh The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites $render("page-related-items","ID"); Share this pageShare this page1.4KShareFacebookTwitter Email Print In association with $render("advert","advert-sponsor-module","page-bookmark-links"); $render("advert-post-script-load"); $render("advert-post-script-load"); More Technology stories RSS Computer glitch hits Mars rover Nasa's Curiosity Mars rover is put into "safe mode" after a computer glitch caused by corrupted files. US plans small-ship drone launches Hackers breach Evernote security $render("advert","advert-mpu-high"); $render("advert-post-script-load"); Top Stories http://news.bbcimg.co.uk/media/images/6618
  • found the bug and set up a demo page that fills visitors' hard drives with pictures of cartoon cats.
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  • because browser makers had not written code to stop this happening. By endlessly creating new, linked websites the bug can be used to siphon huge amounts of data onto target PCs.
  • found a way round this cap by creating lots of temporary websites linked to the one a person actually visited
  • Most major browsers, Chrome, Internet Explorer, Opera and Safari, were found to be vulnerable to the bug
  • was not vulnerable
  • Mozilla's Firefox
  • bug reports about the exploit have been filed with major browser makers.
Rebeka Aščerič

BBC News - Children 'must know web limits' says Wales commissioner - 0 views

  • Adults must impose the necessary checks and balances to keep children safe online, says the children's commissioner for Wales.
  • "All children and young people don't seem much of a distinction between their online and offline lives,"
  • Mr Towler told BBC Radio Wales. "It's all just one thing and they get really excited by the opportunities the internet affords and sometimes parents get a little scared about that and worried about what their children are accessing." 'Crossing the road' Continue reading the main story “Start Quote They're all running around with handheld computers these days, they're not just on phones ” End Quote Keith Towler Children's commissioner Mr Towler said he talks to children in lots of different settings and they "still enjoy playing outside as much as they ever did". He said we need to recognise that the internet provides fantastic opportunities for education and learning and its making sure that children access that safely. He said that was a real challenge for parents and carers. "It's a bit like crossing the road, you try to teach your children the best way of crossing the road well. We need to teach our children the best way of using this fantastic resource. "I think too many parents are very very scared of the internet and because they're so scared they will say 'Oh I don't understand it'". Handheld computers The commissioner also praised Hwb, the virtual learning environment, which he said provides protection for children using the web in schools. Mr Towler said: "We've got to get parents and carers to recognise that children do operate in the digital world. They're all running around with handheld computers these days, they're not just on phones. "They can access whatever they want whenever they want and parents need to engage on that. " "We need to remember that children and young people are much more savvy than sometimes we think they are, and they are much more responsible than sometimes adults think they are so its not all doom and gloom. "What we need to do is put the right checks and balances in place and what children always want from parents and carers is to understand what the boundaries are, and that's our job to do that." Sangeet Bhullar, executive director of Wise Kids, added that the digital landscape was "evolving rapidly" and up-to-date data was needed on how children and young people in Wales related to it. More on This Story .related-links-list li { position: relative; } .related-links-list .gvl3-icon { position: absolute; top: 0; left: 0; } Related Stories Web safety lessons urged for infants 05 FEBRUARY 2013, EDUCATION &amp; FAMILY Online chat 'should be monitored' 22 JANUARY 2013, TECHNOLOGY Body to promote digital teaching 22 JUNE 2012, WALES $render("page-see-also","ID"); $render("page-newstracker","ID"); Related Internet links Children's Commissioner for Wales The BBC is not responsible for the content of external Internet sites $render("page-related-items","ID"); Share this pageShare this pageShareFacebookTwitter Email Print In association with $render("advert","advert-sponsor-module","page-bookmark-links"); $render("advert-post-script-load"); $render("advert-post-script-load"); More Wales stories RSS Army base shuts in defence shake-up An Army base in Pembrokeshire is to close with 600 troops transferred to St Athan in the Vale of Glamorgan. Soldiers' conman jailed three years Wales recall Warburton and Jones <!--
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  • "I think too many parents are very very scared of the internet and because they're so scared they will say 'Oh I don't understand it'".
  • "What we need to do is put the right checks and balances in place and what children always want from parents and carers is to understand what the boundaries are, and that's our job to do that."
Veronika Lavrenčič

Google Buzz aims to crack the social web - News - Gadgets & Tech - The Independent - 0 views

  • Google Buzz aims to crack the social web
  • Google Buzz
  • share messages, web links and photos with friends and colleagues directly within Gmail
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  • smartphones based on Google's Android operating system.
  • Google's new technology mimics some of the key features of popular social networking services like Twitter and Facebook
  • Gmail is the third most popular web-based email in the world
  • the large pool of Gmail users.
  • There's always been a giant social network underneath Gmail,"
  • Todd Jackson
  • 176.5 million unique visitors in December
  • Forrester Research social media analyst Augie Ray
  • flag as viewable to everyone
  • utomatically indexed by Google's search engine
  • be available within Google's recently launched real-time search results.
  • users can also keep messages private by sharing only with customized groups of friends and colleagues.
  • users can easily share content from various Google online properties like photo-sharing service Picasa and video site YouTube.
  • Content from certain third-party services such as Twitter can also be shared
  • Buzz is not currently able to display messages that originated on Facebook
  • "The fact that Gmail did not connect and allow broadcasts out to Twitter and Facebook could be a real challenge to them
  • Google hopes to jumpstart its social networking push
  • the Orkut social network in 2004
  • Google has tried to ride the social networking wave before
  • ailed to attract as many users as social giants like Facebook and MySpace in the United States.
  • Google is following in the footsteps of Yahoo
  • has seen lackluster results according to analysts.
  • Google appears to be putting a heavy emphasis on mobile and location-based capabilities
  • a special mobile application for Buzz that will run on smartphones based on Google's Android software, Windows Mobile and the Symbian operating system.
  •  
    Kako si Google prizadeva ustvariti podobno socialno omrežje, kot sta Facebook in Twitter.
Meta Arcon

On Facebook, Sharing Can Come at a Cost - NYTimes.com - 0 views

  • Facebook said in a statement that “the median amount of feedback on posts (likes, comments, shares) from people who have more than 10,000 subscribers is up 34 percent from a year ago.”
manca_

Apollo Plus: Microsoft's next Windows Phone update to include Wi-Fi, audio, and other f... - 0 views

  • bring new features to Windows
  • // 33inShare Microsoft is currently preparing an update for Windows Phone 8, codenamed Apollo Plus.
  • A Wi-Fi connection fix is also planned to let connections always remain on, alongside some audio improvements. Apollo Plus will also test Microsoft's ability to deliver Windows Phone 8 updates over-the-air, a change from the previous OS that required users to plug devices into PCs to get similar updates.
inesmag

Technology News: Internet: Facebook's Relationship With Developers: It's Even More Comp... - 2 views

  • When it comes to developers working with Facebook, "share and share alike" is the new policy.
  • No one rides the Facebook express for free.
  • "If you use any Facebook APIs to build personalized or social experiences, you must also enable people to easily share their experiences back with people on Facebook," Facebook said in a blog post announcing the change.
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  • On one hand it can be argued that Facebook is merely following industry trends; other social networks like Twitter have also banned apps that mimic their core functionality.
  • In short, Facebook is moving aggressively to block Twitter and other social media sites from establishing free-rider status on its site
metapavlin

A Year After the Closing of Megaupload, a File-Sharing Tycoon Opens a New Site - NYTime... - 0 views

  • A Year After the Closing of Megaupload, a File-Sharing Tycoon Opens a New Site
  • Kim Dotcom opened his new file-storage Web site to the public — one year to the minute after the police raided the mansion he rents in New Zealand.
  • Megaupload
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  • the file-sharing business he had founded.
  • Mr. Dotcom faces charges in the United States of pirating copyrighted material and money laundering and is awaiting an extradition hearing in New Zealand. But on Sunday, he said his focus was on the new site, which was already straining under heavy traffic within two hours of its introduction.
  • including one that he would not start a Megaupload-style business until the criminal case was resolved.
  • Megaupload, knew its users were illegally uploading copyrighted material — and indeed sought to encourage the practice
  • conditions of the site do explicitly forbid uploading copyrighted material.
  • terms and
  • “This is us being innovators and executing our right to run a business.”
  • “Every pixel on the site has been checked for all kinds of illegal — potential legal challenges. We have a great team of very talented lawyers that are experts in intellectual property and Internet law, and they have worked together with us to create Mega.”
  • The service competes with online storage sites like Dropbox and Google Drive.
  • “We are still here. We are still breathing,” he said. “Consider what has happened to us a year ago — that is probably the least likely event that anyone would have expected.”
Kaja Horvat

Stolen identities: Manti Te'o, Facebook, and internet privacy - Opinion - Al Jazeera En... - 0 views

  • Indeed, most users of Facebook (or Google+, or countless other social networking sites) seem unaware of just how much they are sharing.
  • it is ultimately the responsibility of the user to understand his or her settings and know what, precisely, is being shared.
  • users must educate themselves about the privacy policies and tools available to them on Facebook or any other given site. Using available tools, users can reasonably protect their content from the public view.
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  • Still, the best rule of thumb for individuals concerned about their photographs or other content reaching the public view is to not post them on the internet at all. While this may sound extreme, remember that it only takes one "bad apple" to share your content with those to whom you have not given permission.
  • personal Facebook photos stolen to create high-profile fictional characters
  • you have privacy settings on Facebook and obviously it doesn't work because anyone can hijack your picture
manca_

Make the unfiltered web illegal, says children's coalition | Technology | guardian.co.uk - 0 views

  • forced to filter the web
  • the government should legally compel ISPs to screen out images of child abuse and underage sex.
  • by blocking such material at source.
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  • largely focuses on operating a notice-and-take-down system for illegal content hosted in the UK, including obscene or racially offensive material
  • peer-to-peer filesharing systems
manca_

It's not TV, it's the Web: YouTube partners complain about Google ads, revenue sharing ... - 0 views

  • YouTube is the closest thing we have to a traditional TV model in online video.
  • YouTube is nothing like television, and everything like the internet.
  • too many videos on YouTube, and not enough ad dollars chasing them
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  • Google doesn't have a dedicated team selling ads for YouTube
  • YouTube typically takes a 45 percent cut of advertising on its platform, with per-thousand-click rates
  • YouTube is where the audience is
  • the best-known platform for online video.
Meta Arcon

Figuring out the future of online privacy - CNN.com - 1 views

  • They may not be paying for the services directly, but customers still have a lot of power -- and companies know that they need to listen.
  • "We can't just sit back and allow the industry to just continue to ignore a core component of the user experience online," said Alex Fowler, Mozilla's global privacy and public policy leader.
  • The more devices that connect to the Internet, from smart cars to home thermostats, the more data there are about a person to collect.
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  • Free versions come with ads, but for a price, people can upgrade to the ad-free experience.
  • It's also possible that over the next five to 10 years, people's attitudes toward privacy and their data will change, and they'll be willing to share more personal information
  • Not everyone will want the same level of privacy,
  • "Do not track" seems like a clear, smart option to give consumers
  • Companies that provide free services, such as search engines or social networks, have to strike the right balance between respecting their customers' privacy concerns and serving advertisers.
  • It's also possible that over the next five to 10 years, people's attitudes toward privacy and their data will change, and they'll be willing to share more personal information, attached to their real-world identity, in exchange for more heavily customized computing experiences.
anonymous

Small Business Cloud Apps That Make Work Easier | Inc.com - 0 views

  • Protect yourself against data loss, security blunders, and--that real productivity killer--inefficiency.
  • For small businesses, cloud storage is affordable and frees you up from maintaining expensive physical servers that need upkeep. And it also makes accessing, updating, and sharing files—usually from any device—simple and fast.
  • And unlike Dropbox or SugarSync that back up only the files you tell them to, Code 42's CrashPlan software automatically backs up everything on your hard drive—as much as once a minute—and encrypts it all before it leaves your computer. It also lets you back up to other computers and attached external hard drives as well as access, update, and share your files from mobile devices.
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  • Another useful feature is that CrashPlan keeps copies of all versions of your files and even those you have deleted. &nbsp;This means, for example, that you can go back and retrieve a version of a PowerPoint presentation you were using last year if you decide you liked it better than a more recent one.&nbsp; And if you've ever accidentally deleted or lost a file you know how aggravating and time-consuming it is to recreate it. That's not a worry with CrashPlan.
  • Many cloud storage services claim to offer online collaboration features but&nbsp;Mindjet Connect&nbsp;is different because helping people get work done together regardless of their locations is its forte, not some add-on function.
  • Huddle Sync, Huddle's enterprise file synchronization platform, is different from consumer sync tools because it was built to meet enterprise security and compliance requirements and uses learning algorithms and predictive technology to fully sync only certain files. Not only that but it keeps track of where company data is stored and who has synced what files, as well as provides full audit trails for every single file.
  • Huddle Sync is currently in private beta but you can register at the site if you want to try it out.
Rok Urbancic

Microsoft faces hefty EU fine | Technology | guardian.co.uk - 0 views

  • European commission expected to fine Microsoft hundreds of millions of euros after software company broke antitrust promise
  • The EU competition commissioner, Joaquín Almunia, is expected to use the fine – which could run into hundreds of millions of euros – to set an example after the US software giant became the first company to break a promise made to end an antitrust probe
  • The fines relate to an antitrust battle in Europe more than a decade ago. In order to avoid a penalty then, Microsoft promised to offer European consumers a choice of rival browsers.
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  • EU rules mean the company could be penalised $7.4bn (£4.9bn) – or 10% of its fiscal 2012 revenues
  • this did not happen for a period during February 2011 and July 2012, a lapse Microsoft blamed on a technical error. It has said it since tightened internal procedures to avoid a repeat.
  • The European commission has already fined Microsoft €1.6bn (£1.4bn)
  • Microsoft's share of the European browser market has roughly halved since 2008 to 24% in January, below the 35% held by Google's Chrome and Mozilla's 29% share
Nuša Gregoršanec

BBC News - Five times more internet crime in the West Midlands - 0 views

  • Five times more internet crime in the West Midlands
  • In 2012 West Midlands Police received almost 500 reports of online crime compared to 100 in 2008.
  • Sgt Gregory said: "One of the first big cases was around indecent images of young children a decade ago and in the UK every police force got involved in that and it was a matter of playing catch-up and realising what the internet was being used for.
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  • "Each force has now got its own child protection team and organisations are working together to try to protect young people, not just on sexual offending matters and grooming but also bullying."
  • For Safer Internet Day, the BBC has launched a "Share Take Care" campaign to highlight the risks of sharing information online.
  • The BBC has published a number of guides online, advising social media users to provide minimum information online and use privacy settings.
alja polajžer

BBC News - Internet privacy: Genuine concerns or paranoia? - 0 views

  • However unwittingly, you share personal information with complete strangers every single day - via the internet.
  • Mr Chester.
  • But Google is not the only internet service busy farming out data and this raises the question of the invasion of people's rights.
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  • "Companies like Google, Facebook, Yahoo and Microsoft are expanding their data collection techniques and they are not telling consumers and citizens why,"
  • The issue is about how you pay for online services and whether you are happy to sacrifice privacy for getting a service for free.
  • Most newspapers in the world are posting every newspaper they have ever printed, so people are finding that things they did in the past are being made public.
  • e believes it is the Europeans who are driving the policy debate, while the US strategy is to lobby the Europeans to accept the idea that there can be self-regulation, to trust the Googles and Facebooks and let this market grow.
  • The users themselves are problems as well," he says "Because they post, blog, tweet and do everything else also."
  • A lot of times most people click 'Yes' without reading what the privacy policies are” End Quote Frank Ahern
  • Google has changed its rules to allow information to be shared across all its services.
  • Internet privacy: Genuine concerns or paranoia?
donnamariee

How social networks have changed our world | Techi.com - 0 views

  • How social networks have changed our world
  • social networks have evolved from simple communication hubs to veritable agents of change; galvanizing thousands of people over political discourse, creating and changing industries, and all in all, transforming people’s lives
  • Today, more than 600 million users worldwide are active on this website. Approximately 200 million people are active on twitter
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  • None of these social networks even excited at the beginning of the decade. While these figures may be mere numbers for many people, the impact of social network goes far and deep. Here are a few areas in which social networks have had lasting and arguably permanent effects.
  • social networks have altered the operational model of politics and public service
  • Facebook
  • touchstone for how non-profit organizations, environmental activities, and political factions reach out to thousands of potential volunteers and donors
  • Twitter is being used by almost all progressive politicians to promote their causes. Thanks to the social networks, politics is no longer limited to the political elites; people voice their opinions, share their ideas, and even communicate with politicians on a one-on-one basis. It’s a technology lesson that progressive politicians have to learn or else, risk losing to the tech savvy youth of today.
    • donnamariee
       
      Twitter is being used by almost all progressive politicians to promote their causes. Thanks to the social networks, politics is no longer limited to the political elites; people voice their opinions, share their ideas, and even communicate with politicians on a one-on-one basis. It's a technology lesson that progressive politicians have to learn or else, risk losing to the tech savvy youth of today.
  • Marketing and advertising are transforming themselves from industries reliant on mass market channels to those that must embrace the power of the customer, and attempt to engage in conversations with them. Often, a “middle man” (such as news paper reporter) ultimately determined that what was written or said. The ability to bypass gatekeepers and facilitate direct interactions with consumers and communities is very important.
  • Some news websites already present visitors with a list of stories recommended by their friends because they realize an endorsement from ‘someone you know’ carries extra weight
  • From traffic updates, to natural riots, anyone and everyone who has access to social networking sites can report his/her version of such events. Sifting through the humongous amount of news, speculations and analysis are abilities that a New Media user must now possess.
  • It is not uncommon to see small or home grow businesses that operate solely through their Facebook accounts. In fact, for businesses, interaction via social network has almost become a yardstick to test out their customer service
  • With Google+ being launched recently, it is clear that all technology giants have realized the critical role that social networks will lay in shaping our lives. It is no longer about implementing the latest, cutting edge technology; it is about how seamlessly and organically a social network merges in our lives, and affects every aspect of it. The lines between real and virtual lives have now blurred to the extent of becoming invisible
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    essay theme 2
metapavlin

Kim Dotcom announces Mega, successor to Megaupload | Technology | guardian.co.uk - 0 views

  • Kim Dotcom, founder of the banned Megaupload filesharing site, has announced a new version called Mega designed to sidestep the American laws under which he is being prosecuted for £175m worth of alleged online piracy, racketeering and money laundering.
  • The site would not use US-based hosting companies as partners in order to avoid being shut down by US authorities, Dotcom said.
  • Megaupload was shut down in January 2012 when New Zealand police helicopters swooped into Dotcom's mansion outside Auckland to seize computers and other evidence at the request of US authorities.
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  • Users of Mega would be able to upload, store and share photos, text files, music and films, encrypt those files and grant access using unique decryption keys, Dotcom said. "You hold the keys to what you store in the cloud, not us," a statement on the Mega website said.
  • Ensuring that files are not pirated will be the job of content owners, a major change from Megaupload, which the US film industry says ignored illegal content and profited from it.
metapavlin

Internet users unaware of illegal downloading | Technology | The Guardian - 0 views

  • Nearly half of the internet users surveyed incorrectly said they thought it was legal to upload commercially produced media to a file-sharing website
  • Internet users unaware of illegal downloading
  • Internet users are unwittingly turning into online pirates over confusion about what constitutes illegal downloading.
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  • As many as 44% of those who took part in an independent, online survey of 2,500 respondents in the survey commissioned by the law firm Wiggin incorrectly said they thought it was legal to upload commercially produced media to a file-sharing website, or did not know whether it was lawful or not.More than a third – 35% – inaccurately claimed it was legal to copy a film or TV show as a file from a friend, or admitted they didn't know if it was legal.
  • However, almost two-thirds admitted they regularly use search engines such as Google to find unauthorised content. Over one in four used search engines on a daily basis to find such material.
Janja Petek

Forty years of the internet: how the world changed for ever | Technology | The Guardian - 1 views

  • In October 1969, a student typed 'LO' on a computer - and the internet was born
  • Towards the end of the summer of 1969
  • a large grey metal box was delivered to the office of Leonard Kleinrock, a professor at the University of California in Los Angeles.
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  • At 10.30pm, as Kleinrock's fellow professors and students crowded around, a computer was connected to the IMP, which made contact with a second IMP, attached to a second computer, several hundred miles away at the Stanford Research Institute, and an undergraduate named Charley Kline tapped out a message.
  • It's impossible to say for certain when the internet began, mainly because nobody can agree on what, precisely, the internet is.
  • It's interesting to compare how much has changed in computing and the internet since 1969 with, say, how much has changed in world politics.
  • On the other hand, the breakthrough accomplished that night in 1969 was a decidedly down-to-earth one
  • Twelve years after Charley Kline's first message on the Arpanet, as it was then known, there were still only 213 computers on the network; but 14 years after that, 16 million people were online, and email was beginning to change the world; the first really usable web browser wasn't launched until 1993, but by 1995 we had Amazon, by 1998 Google, and by 2001, Wikipedia, at which point there were 513 million people online. Today the figure is more like 1.7 billion.
  • on New Year's Day 1994 –&nbsp;only yesterday, in other words –&nbsp;there were an estimated 623 websites.
  • On the one hand, they were there because of the Russian Sputnik satellite launch, in 1957, which panicked the American defence establishment, prompting Eisenhower to channel millions of dollars into scientific research, and establishing Arpa, the Advanced Research Projects Agency, to try to win the arms technology race. The idea was "that we would not get surprised again,"
  • "In a few years, men will be able to communicate more effectively through a machine than face to face," they declared.
  • The few outsiders who knew of the box's existence couldn't even get its name right: it was an IMP, or "interface message processor"
  • It was already possible to link computers by telephone lines, but it was glacially slow, and every computer in the network had to be connected, by a dedicated line, to every other computer, which meant you couldn't connect more than a handful of machines without everything becoming monstrously complex and costly.
  • The solution, called "packet switching" – which owed its existence to the work of a British physicist, Donald Davies – involved breaking data down into blocks that could be routed around any part of the network that happened to be free, before getting reassembled at the other end.
  • Still, Kleinrock recalls a tangible sense of excitement that night as Kline sat down at the SDS Sigma 7 computer, connected to the IMP, and at the same time made telephone contact with his opposite number at Stanford. As his colleagues watched, he typed the letter L, to begin the word LOGIN.
  • One of the most intriguing things about the growth of the internet is this: to a select group of technological thinkers, the surprise wasn't how quickly it spread across the world, remaking business, culture and politics – but that it took so long to get off the ground.
  • In 1945, the American presidential science adviser, Vannevar Bush, was already imagining the "memex", a device in which "an individual stores all his books, records, and communications", which would be linked to each other by "a mesh of associative trails", like weblinks.
  • And in 1946, an astonishingly complete vision of the future appeared in the magazine Astounding Science Fiction. In a story entitled A Logic Named Joe, the author Murray Leinster envisioned a world in which every home was equipped with a tabletop box that he called a "logic":
  • Instead of smothering their research in the utmost secrecy – as you might expect of a cold war project aimed at winning a technological battle against Moscow – they made public every step of their thinking, in documents known as Requests For Comments.
  • Deliberately or not, they helped encourage a vibrant culture of hobbyists on the fringes of academia –&nbsp;students and rank amateurs who built their own electronic bulletin-board systems and eventually FidoNet, a network to connect them to each other.
  • n argument can be made that these unofficial tinkerings did as much to create the public internet as did the Arpanet. Well into the 90s, by the time the Arpanet had been replaced by NSFNet, a larger government-funded network,
  • It was the hobbyists, making unofficial connections into the main system, who first opened the internet up to allcomers.
  • This was the software known as TCP/IP, which made it possible for networks to connect to other networks, creating a "network of networks", capable of expanding virtually infinitely
  • Nevertheless, by July 1992, an Essex-born businessman named Cliff Stanford had opened Demon Internet, Britain's first commercial internet service provider.
  • After a year or so, Demon had between 2,000 and 3,000 users,
  • the @ symbol was introduced in 1971, and the first message, according to the programmer who sent it, Ray Tomlinson, was "something like QWERTYUIOP".
  • A couple of years later I got my first mobile phone, which came with two batteries: a very large one, for normal use, and an extremely large one, for those occasions on which you might actually want a few hours of power
  • For most of us, though, the web is in effect synonymous with the internet, even if we grasp that in technical terms that's inaccurate: the web is simply a system that sits on top of the internet, making it greatly easier to navigate the information there, and to use it as a medium of sharing and communication.
  • The first ever website was his own, at CERN: info.cern.ch.
  • The idea that a network of computers might enable a specific new way of thinking about information, instead of just allowing people to access the data on each other's terminals, had been around for as long as the idea of the network itself: it's there in Vannevar Bush's memex, and Murray Leinster's logics.
  • Web browsers crossed the border into mainstream use far more rapidly than had been the case with the internet itself: Mosaic launched in 1993 and Netscape followed soon after, though it was an embarrassingly long time before Microsoft realised the commercial necessity of getting involved at all. Amazon and eBay were online by 1995. And in 1998 came Google, offering a powerful new way to search the proliferating mass of information on the web.
  • Google, and others, saw that the key to the web's future would be helping users exclude almost everything on any given topic,&nbsp;restricting search results to the most relevant pages.
  • It is absurd – though also unavoidable here – to compact the whole of what happened from then onwards into a few sentences: the dotcom boom, the historically unprecedented dotcom bust, the growing "digital divide", and then the hugely significant flourishing, over the last seven years, of what became known as Web 2.0.
  • The most confounding thing of all is that in a few years' time, all this stupendous change will probably seem like not very much change at all.
  • Will you remember when the web was something you accessed primarily via a computer? Will you remember when there were places you couldn't get a wireless connection? Will you remember when "being on the web" was still a distinct concept, something that described only a part of your life, instead of permeating all of it? Will you remember Google?
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