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Jin Seo

BP, Shell raided over alleged price fixing | News.com.au - 1 views

  • cartels
    • Jin Seo
       
      formal collusion; cartels are group of competitive firms colluding together to act as a monopoly - why is a monopoly market structure attractive to producers?
  • market manipulation
    • Jin Seo
       
      The act of artificially inflating or deflating the price of a security 
  • prices of crude oil, refined oil products and biofuels purchases and sales, potentially harming final consumers
    • Jin Seo
       
      oil- one of the most inelastic goods due to its high demand and usage in producing a lot of consumer goods 
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • price fixing
    • Jin Seo
       
      price fixing = market manipulation 
  • BP, Shell and Norway's Statoil
    • Jin Seo
       
      what sort of market structure are they in? oligopoly and their tendency to collude = because they are profit maximizers 
  • European Commission
    • Jin Seo
       
      have monitoring for these companies due to high probabilities of collusion 
  • collude
  • prevented others from participating in the price assessment process
    • Jin Seo
       
      fairly high barriers to entry - one of the characteristics of an oligopoly 
  • the market vulnerable to abuse
  • Consumers need to know that the prices they pay for their energy or petrol are fair, transparent and not being manipulated by traders
  • High oil prices are crushing families across Britain
  • market transparency
    • Jin Seo
       
      EVALUATION: what would the evaluation contain?   - is it good or bad? (for consumers (benefits of colluding) and producers)   - BP oil competition = shows how having contest ability may be dangerous   - what can the governments do to stop collusion from happening? 
  •  
    Price fixing of oil companies in the EU
Jin Seo

BP, Shell raided over alleged price fixing | Business News | Business and Finance News ... - 2 views

  • crude oil, refined oil products and biofuels purchases and sales
    • Jin Seo
       
      Oil - one of the most inelastic good   
  • Statoil
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • Platts
  • final consumers
  • colluded
  • prevented others from participating in the price assessment process, with a view to distorting published prices.
  • price fixing
  • cartels
    • Jin Seo
       
      formal collusion; cartels are group of competitive firms colluding together to act as a monopoly - why is a monopoly market structure attractive to producers? 
  • High oil prices are crushing families across Britain. Motorists are being taken for a very expensive ride.''
    • Jin Seo
       
      reasons why oligopolies are strictly monitored 
    • Jin Seo
       
      and also why oligopolies want to collude to become a monopoly 
  • Libor scandal
    • Jin Seo
       
      largest price fixing scandal
  • transparency.''
    • Jin Seo
       
      what would the evaluation contain?  - is it good or bad? (for consumers (benefits of colluding) and producers)  - BP oil competition = shows how having contest ability may be dangerous  - what can the governments do to stop collusion from happening? 
  •  
    oil price fixing in the EU
Yuuji Mitsuta

Europe's (olive) oil crisis - CNN.com - 5 views

    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Demand has decreased due to economic crisis
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      EU intervention to reduce surplus of olive oil and incomes in rural areas of spain
  • plunged to a 10-year low as domestic consumption in the top producing southern European countries has fallen because of the economic crisis
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Demand has decreased due to economic crisis
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • price of premium-quality extra virgin olive oil in the wholesale market fell this month to $2,900 a tonne,
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Decrease in price due to decrease in demand
  • suffering from strong competition from cheaper varieties of vegetable oil.
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Substitute goods present, so has a higher PED. has lower demand compared to vegetable oil
  • This crop is vital for the main producing countries in terms of maintaining employment in their rural areas
Derek Schwung

BBC News - China files EU solar subsidy complaint with WTO - 0 views

    • Derek Schwung
       
      Dumping - lower market price
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Protectionism - subsidizing domestic producers
    • Derek Schwung
       
      dumping
Marika Shimomura

Brazilian Coffee Minimum Price Raised 17% to Aid Farmers - Bloomberg - 2 views

  • Brazilian coffee producers will harvest between 47 million bags and 50.2 million this year, approaching last year’s record 50.8 million bags, the government said in January.
    • Marika Shimomura
       
      Excess supply leading to the prices declining
  • such as auctions or measures to compensate sales below minimum price
    • Marika Shimomura
       
      Government intervention
  • minimum domestic price
    • Marika Shimomura
       
      Minimum price
  • ...4 more annotations...
  • international prices
    • Marika Shimomura
       
      Decrease in demand leading in decrease in international prices
  • 307 reais ($153) per 60-kilogram (132- pound) bag, from 261.69 reais
  • Brazil reaped a record crop in 2012
    • Marika Shimomura
       
      Increase in supply
  • increase
Shoko Kuroda

BBC News - Factory output in Japan weaker than expected in April - 4 views

    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Demand, indicates that this article is on micro economics, relating to supply and demand
  • output
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Output is another word for supply and this can be referenced to micro economics, which is about supply and demand. 
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • China's slowdown and a rising yen for the expected fall.
  • As Japan continues to recover from a devastating earthquake and tsunami last year, the ministry said industrial production continued to improve.
  • Industries that contributed to the slight rise in output included transport, chemicals and electrical machinery.
  • "More crucial is final demand in China,
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      I could draw a demand - supply diagram from this, indicating the declining demand for cars, consequently leading to a drop in supply. 
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      This is because China is a massive economy, and it bears an extremely important role in the Japanese economy, especially after having taken over the second largest economy world wide. 
    • Erica Nozawa
       
      Japan's economy stagnated severely after the earthquake and tsunami. This was due to the rapidly dropping demand from consumers, who deferred purchasing inessential goods. 
  • , demand from China would be the determining factor for continued growth
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      This quotation indicates the global impact of the Chinese economy. Because a large proportion of Japanese goods' is exported to China, a decrease in demand means that there would be less output. This can be related to the US GDP article, stating that a decrease in demand would make it difficult to produce the good to be either exported or imported and have affect on GDP growth. 
    • Shoko Kuroda
       
      Need to explain how decrease or increase in currency can influence output. 
  •  
    Japan's factory output was weaker than expected in April because of slower demand for electronics goods, especially in China. Output was 0.2% higher in April from March, the Trade and Industry Ministry said. Analysts had forecast a figure of 0.5%. The ministry said it expects output to fall in May, before rebounding in June.
Emily Hoshi

Panasonic looking to slash HQ personnel | The Japan Times Online - 2 views

  • Panasonic looking to slash HQ personnel
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      Panasonic (oligopolistic firm) is considering to cut workers due to recession, so microeconomics on oligopoly with the x-axis with quantity and y-axis with price can be made.
    • Ayaka Matsumura
       
      In the end, is it possible to find a way to NOT cut workers?
    • Ayaka Matsumura
       
      In your IA maybe you could add a simple note saying how long the recession has been going on.
  • reduce costs and streamline the organization
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      I assume this section is saying that they are trying to reduce costs of production and increase efficiency. However, in most cases if a firm tries to lower the price they would lose customers due to price war between other firms that produce homogenous goods so it would be risky to change prices when its oligopoly. Although, their main aim is to recover its business so they are trying to cut many workers, reduce costs and increase efficiency.
  • drastic workforce downsizing at its Osaka
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      Brings marginal cost shift inwards and by that also the average cost shift inwards as well 
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      Slush in labours at Panasonic Corps in Osaka 
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • recovery of its business performance at an early date by speeding up decision-making, in addition to cost cuts after logging a massive group net loss in the business year
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      Same points made from the previous paragraph, due to recession they are aiming to increase efficiency and cut costs
  • redirecting company resources into new growth areas
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      I assume that "new growth areas" is to move the company to a more rural area because having a business at a city has a high land cost where rural areas can be much cheaper therefore, this can benefit the firm by having the cost curves to shift outward. 
  • energy-efficient products and solar panels
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      One of the factors of production, capital by having new technology such as (mentions here) solar panels. It reduces the light energy use, etc costs in the company.
  • loss of ¥772.17 billion
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      This can be shown on demand and supply where supply shifts outward, showing the loss of 772.17 billion yen on the price axis 
  • 36,000 over the year to some 330,000
    • Emily Hoshi
       
      This can be shown on phillips curve (?) to show the increase in unemployment rate by having the aggregate demand to shift inwards. 
  •  
    this is my IA
Christian Bager

Fat tax: Denmark's fat tax strikes again | GlobalPost - 1 views

  • Denmark first slapped a fat tax on saturated fats. Now lawmakers plan to hit sugar, and even chocolate consumption, in the second wave of its pioneering assault on the country's bulging waistlines and clogged arteries.
    • Christian Bager
       
      The attempts of government intervention to change the demand of fat in the past and what the government is attempting to repeat now, in order to change the demand of sugar and chocolate. This will also change the supply of the goods, since the tax will hit the producer as well.
  • Denmark will levy an extra six Danish Kroner ($1.05) on every kilogram of chocolate. The tax would go into effect on January 1.
    • Christian Bager
       
      This section shows the desired price, through the addition of the tax. It also gives a very exact target date for when the tax should be started up. This allows for graphs to be drawn before and after the event.
  • From 2013, lawmakers plan a levy on the sugar-content of processed food set at as much as 24 Kroner ($4.20) per kilogram.
    • Christian Bager
       
      This shows how over time further taxes will be put on products, showing further change in demand and supply and the SRAS and LRAS.
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • "The new tax on sugar in food will first be implemented from 2013, and the details will be discussed in the coming year,"
    • Christian Bager
       
      Showing that further un decided taxes are also going to be implemented.
  • The rationale is to improve the health in the Danish population by giving a stronger incitement to buy more healthy food.
    • Christian Bager
       
      This shows the reasoning for the change in taxation. However it does not actually show that this will impact the demand of alternative products.
  • It's a trend that could be mimicked all over the world
    • Christian Bager
       
      Showing that these taxes may spread into other economies.
  • Danish bakers, famed for their flaky cinnamon pastries, are predictably up in arms.
  • Mike Rayner, Director of Oxford University’s Health Promotion Research Group, said that combining the fat tax with higher taxes on sugary products would prevent people substituting fatty foods with sugary treats.
  • "I think the saturated fat tax by itself would not have been particularly useful, but a saturated fat tax in conjunction with a higher tax on sugary products means they are trying to tackle unhealthy foods on two fronts."
Kat Whatley

Wesfarmers upbeat on retailing - 1 views

  • cheaper, unbranded groceries were good for customers.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      These are inferior goods
  • ''Offering a choice of quality private label products alongside their favourite brands is one way Coles can help,'' he said.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      Given the option, consumers are willing to opt for the cheaper, unbranded version amid high economic costs.
  • Coles is ''supporting the creation of 10,000 new jobs by suppliers through volume growth'' - with $1.6 billion in extra fresh food sales per year and a doubling in the value of produce sourced directly from Australian growers.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      Shows economies of scale: Coles can sell cheaper because as a chain they can source from farmers directly. This lowers their costs of production and thus lowers consumer prices.
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • The strategy focused on improving the quality of Target's products and in-store services.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      Target is one of a few very large clothing stores in Australia. Like an oligopolistic market, Westerfarmers must use non price determinant factors to get more consumers.
  • The division has boosted food and liquor sales from $21 billion to an estimated $26.5 billion this year.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      Large gains in profit due to cheaper costs and more sales.
  • Several economists said the weak data strengthened the case for further interest rate cuts, following the ANZ forecast of another 0.75 percentage points in cuts by the end of the year.
    • Kat Whatley
       
      This is amid low growth rates for Australia. Suggests monetary policy as a solution.
Yuuji Mitsuta

Europe's (olive) oil crisis (2) - 4 views

  • ompetition from cheaper varieties of vegetable oil
  • 10-year low as domestic consumption in the top producing southern European countries has fallen because of the economic crisis.
    • Yuuji Mitsuta
       
      Decrease in demand
  • coincided with a bumper olive crop in Spain,
  • ...2 more annotations...
  • The price of premium-quality extra virgin olive oil in the wholesale market fell this month to $2,900 a tonne, the lowest since 2002 and down more than half from nearly $6,000 a tonne in 2005, according to the International Monetary Fund.
  • The EU has tried to deal with the surplus by paying companies to stockpile oil
Nich Fabrici

India Seeks Increase in Penalty on Coal India - WSJ.com - 2 views

    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Increase in Penalty Due to Decrease in supply.
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Title is nearly insignificant. Focusing on the decrease in supply to the consumer, and not the increase in penalty.
  • Coal India,
  • 80% of India's coal needs
  • ...15 more annotations...
  • stagnation in coal output growth
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Growth of Firm is Decreasing, decrease in supply. Also meets 80 percent of coal needs, demand is high
  • environment clearances
  • supply shortfall
  • educed electricity generation
  • ndia's 200-gigawatt electricity generation capacity is coal-based,
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      They are a MONOPOLY- they rule more then 50% of they Coal Market in India
  • increased supply of coal
  • economic growth
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Although Economic Growth is Macro, it shows a strong correlation between the two.
  • The government earlier this year directed Coal India to sign pacts with the utilities that became operational after April 2009,
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      Government has Intervened- declaring that it will be a Monopoly after signing packs.
  • as was the case in the previous supply pacts.
  • 14 power producers out of a total of about 40 utilities that are likely to sign pacts.
    • Nich Fabrici
       
      MAXIMUM PRICE  SUBSIDIES?
Christina Seward

US subsidy decision welcomed | Business | The Guardian - 1 views

    • Christina Seward
       
      with no cotton subsidy from the government, what effect will that have on the market?
    • Christina Seward
       
      this is whats happening now. with the subsidy, it means that the US cotton market is going well because they can sell more with the subsidy from the government
    • Christina Seward
       
      what effect the US having no subsidy on the cotton will have for the 3rd world cotton that is being sold as a second to the US cotton
  • ...3 more annotations...
  • Subsidies paid by the US government make it financially viable for textile manufacturers to buy expensive US cotton rather than cheaper, third-world cotton
  • Oxfam estimates that poor African cotton-producing countries missed out on almost $400m (£230m) in revenues between 2001 and 2003. About 10 million Africans depend directly on the crop for a living.
  • World Trade Organisation.
Yayoi Tanikawa

Japan Govt to expand routine vaccinations | The Jakarta Post - 4 views

  • Japan Govt to expand routine vaccinations
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      merit good that is under consumed
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      positive consumption externality
  • The health ministry has decided to add three immunizations--against cervical cancer and two infections that can cause bacterial meningitis
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      MPB moves towards MSB
  • subsidizing fees for the three vaccinations as an emergency measure since fiscal 2010
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      making vaccinations more accessible
  • ...6 more annotations...
  • subsidies are set to be terminated at the end of this fiscal year, the Health, Labor and Welfare Ministry plans to make the subsidies permanent
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      with subsidies, more quantity at a lower price
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      encourages people to get vaccinations
  • among children
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      so they can live longer, provide more to society
  • termination of subsidies for those immunizations was seen as undesirable in light of the fact that an increasing number of young people have been diagnosed with those conditions
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      by preventing the diseases, people won't have to spend more money on treating the diseases when they get older
  • routine vaccination program as soon as it can secure funding for them.
    • Yayoi Tanikawa
       
      under produced
  • Making all seven immunizations part of the routine vaccination program would cost 200 billion yen per year
  • "It's strange to treat them differently just for budget reasons when they are all important vaccinations
Derek Schwung

Falling Oil Prices Are No Mystery - Businessweek - 1 views

    • Derek Schwung
       
      Microeconomics - Supply and Demand
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Current Prices 
  • $97 a barrel and West Texas Intermediate hitting $83.
  • ...18 more annotations...
  • producing more oil than it’s consuming,
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Excess Supply - cause 
  • Global oil consumption has been declining since the end of 2011, falling to 88.5 million barrels per day at the end of April, from 90.4 million barrels per day in late December 2011
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Oil consumption is falling - less demand 
  • 10 percent increase in production from OPEC during the past 12 months.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      An outward shift in supply
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Resulting of new drilling techniques and finds 
  • , driven by new finds and drilling
  • a 15-year low—a result of economic weakness and increased energy efficiency.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Demand is low because of economic weakness and increase energy efficiency 
  • The price declines
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Decrease in price to reach equilibrium? 
  • bets that the price will rise
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Price will rise in future 
  • , will fall to $90 a barrel by September, and that West Texas Intermediate should fall to $80.
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Prediction for near future 
  • ince two-thirds of the price of gasoline is determined by the price of oil, that should continue to lower prices at the pump. At the end of May, the average price of a gallon of gasoline in the U.S. was $3.66, 12¢ lower than it was a year ago
    • Derek Schwung
       
      Gasoline should also decrease in price Happier consumers 
    • Derek Schwung
       
      This is the article for my IA 1
Fuyuka Nakamura

India's GDP growth slows sharply - May. 31, 2012 - 2 views

  • sharply
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      AD/AS changed in time fast
  • In the first quarter, the country's manufacturing sector contracted and its agricultural sector slowed substantially
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      An aggregate demand and supply curve can be shown to demonstrate the decline in GDP, which resulted from the contraction in the agricultural sector/manufacturing sector. The supply curve can shift down to demonstrate how the economy is producing less.
  • due primarily to weakness in its manufacturing and agricultural sectors
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Reason for the decline in economic growth in India. Shift in AS.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Spending by both consumers and the government decelerated slightly.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      By spending to decrease, the demand curve will shift, as people demand/spend less on the good/service.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Consumer confidence is affected by the high interest rates (mentioned below)
  • tighter monetary policy
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Monetary Policy can be described. The interest rate and supply of money can be described to show how goods/services can affect economic growth.
  • interest rates high for three years to battle rapid inflation
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      As interest rates are high, the sectors will not want to borrow money, as they will be losing out on money. Consumers will also save their money rather than spend it, which then affects the aggregate demand curve. Which then affects the economic growth.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Contrationary Monetary Policy, as the Gov is trying to fight the inflation. In other words they want to lower the price levels. They do this by rising the interest rate to decrease the supply of money.
  • lower that rate slightly to try to stimulate economic growth.
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      Can talk about the effect of lowering the interest rates. How the consumers will start to spend rather than save and how the businesses (sectors) start to borrow money for investment, which then pumps up the economic growth.
  • lower rates further
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      the Reserve Bank of India can impose Expansionary Monetary Policy, lowering the interest rates, increasing the money supply, encouraging new consumption and investments. This will shift the AD out, increasing India's GDP within time. This will be their solution.
  • economic growth
    • Fuyuka Nakamura
       
      About India's GDP It will involve AD and AS
  • sharply
  • India is the world's second most populous nation after China, and the 11th largest economy,
Arla Takala

BBC News - Scottish minimum alcohol pricing passed by parliament - 1 views

  • Scottish minimum alcohol pricing passed by parliament
    • Arla Takala
       
      Microeconomics - Minimum price on alcohol in Scotland
  • minimum drink pricing
    • Arla Takala
       
      Minimum price = legally imposed price floor below which that normal market price cannot fall
  • Under the plans, the ­cheapest bottle of wine would be £4.69 and a four-pack of lager would cost at least £3.52.
    • Arla Takala
       
      Consumers pay a higher price for same product
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • Scottish Health Secretary Nicola Sturgeon said that, as drink had become cheaper, alcohol-related hospital admissions had quadrupled and half of prisoners said they were drunk when they committed offences.
    • Arla Takala
       
      The government imposed a minimum price to reduce the amount of crime and injuries caused by alcohol
  • alcohol
    • Arla Takala
       
      Alcohol is a demerit good (over consumed or over produced) and has negative effects on society
  • Labour said minimum pricing could generate profits of more than £125m for alcohol retailers
    • Arla Takala
       
      Increase in profit for alcohol retailers due to an increase in price of alcohol
  • A study into a 50p minimum alcohol price by Sheffield University said the policy would see a 5.5% cut in drinking - with harmful drinkers' consumption falling by more than 10%, compared with a 2.5% fall for moderate drinkers.
    • Arla Takala
       
      The increase in price of alcohol would cause a reduction in demand
    • Arla Takala
       
      Minimum price causes a surplus in the market because supply exceeds demand
    • Arla Takala
       
      This causes a reduction in market size 
    • Arla Takala
       
      This may cause informal markets since some firms may sell their surplus at prices below the equilibrium however this is illegal
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