Button, ornamental: Buttons—made
from seashell—were used in the Indus
Valley Civilization for ornamental purposes by 2000 BCE.[1] Some
buttons were carved into geometric shapes and had holes pieced into them so that
they could attached to clothing by using a thread.[1] Ian
McNeil (1990) holds that: "The button, in fact, was originally used more as an
ornament than as a fastening, the earliest known being found at Mohenjo-daro in
the Indus
Valley. It is made of a curved shell and about 5000 years old."
Group items matching
in title, tags, annotations or urlList of Indian inventions and discoveries - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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Calico: Calico had originated in the subcontinent by the 11th century and found mention in Indian literature, by the 12th century writer Hemachandra. He has mentioned calico fabric prints done in a lotus design.[3] The Indian textile merchants traded in calico with the Africans by the 15th century and calico fabrics from Gujarat appeared in Egypt.[3] Trade with Europe followed from the 17th century onwards.[3] Within India, calico originated in Calicut.[3] Carding, devices for: Historian of science Joseph Needham ascribes the invention of bow-instruments used in textile technology to India.[4] The earliest evidence for using bow-instruments for carding comes from India (2nd century CE).[4] These carding devices, called kaman and dhunaki would loosen the texture of the fiber by the means of a vibrating string.[4]
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The words for "chess" in Old Persian and Arabic are chatrang and shatranj respectively — terms derived from caturaṅga in Sanskrit,[11][12] which literally means an army of four divisions or four corps.[13][14] Chess spread throughout the world and many variants of the game soon began taking shape.[15] This game was introduced to the Near East from India and became a part of the princely or courtly education of Persian nobility.[13] Buddhist pilgrims, Silk Road traders and others carried it to the Far East where it was transformed and assimilated into a game often played on the intersection of the lines of the board rather than within the squares.[15] Chaturanga reached Europe through Persia, the Byzantine empire and the expanding Arabian empire.[14][16] Muslims carried Shatranj to North Africa, Sicily, and Spain by the 10th century where it took its final modern form of chess.[15] Chintz: The origin of Chintz is from the printed all cotton fabric of calico in India.[17] The origin of the word chintz itself is from the Hindi language word चित्र् (chitr), which means a spot
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Mining (military) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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A tunnel would be excavated under the outer defenses either to provide access into the fortification or to collapse the walls. These tunnels would normally be supported by temporary wooden props as the digging progressed.
Council of Clermont - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views
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Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage private warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and end with victory this war which should have been begun long ago. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now become knights. Let those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Let those who have been wearing themselves out in both body and soul now work for a double honor.
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Socrates - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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Socrates has become renowned for his contribution to the field of ethics, and it is this Platonic Socrates who lends his name to the concepts of Socratic irony and the Socratic method,
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and is a type of pedagogy in which a series of questions is asked not only to draw individual answers, but also to encourage fundamental insight into the issue at hand.
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Socrates appears to have been a critic of democracy,[15] and some scholars interpret his trial as an expression of political infighting.[16] Claiming loyalty to his city, Socrates clashed with the current course of Athenian politics and society.[17] He praises Sparta, archrival to Athens, directly and indirectly in various dialogues. One of Socrates' purported offenses to the city was his position as a social and moral critic. Rather than upholding a status quo and accepting the development of what he perceived as immorality within his region, Socrates questioned the collective notion of "might makes right" that he felt was common in Greece during this period. Plato refers to Socrates as the "gadfly" of the state (as the gadfly stings the horse into action, so Socrates stung various Athenians), insofar as he irritated some people with considerations of justice and the pursuit of goodness.[18] His attempts to improve the Athenians' sense of justice may have been the cause of his execution.
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Greek Government -- Ancient History Encyclopedia - 1 views
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The Constitution of the Athenians, one written by Aristotle or one of his pupils and the other attributed (by some) to Xenophon. Other sources which discuss politics and government include Aristotle’s Politics and the historical works of Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon.
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Athens’ constitution is called a democracy because it respects the interests not of the minority but of the whole people.
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Any male citizen 18 years or over could speak (at least in theory) and vote in the assembly, usually with a simple show of hands.
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Black Death - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, resulting in the deaths of an estimated 75 to 200 million people and peaking in Europe in the years 1348–50 CE.
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The Black Death is thought to have originated in the arid plains of central Asia, where it then travelled along the Silk Road, reaching the Crimea by 1346
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Renaissance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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was a cultural movement that spanned the period roughly from the 14th to the 17th century, beginning in Italy in the Late Middle Ages and later spreading to the rest of Europe
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In politics, the Renaissance contributed the development of the conventions of diplomacy, and in science an increased reliance on observation
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There is a consensus that the Renaissance began in Florence, Italy, in the 14th century
Michelangelo - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 2 views
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Michelangelo (Italian pronunciation: [mikeˈlandʒelo]), was an Italian sculptor, painter, architect, poet, and engineer of the High Renaissance
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Michelangelo was considered the greatest living artist in his lifetime, and ever since then he has been held to be one of the greatest artists of all time
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A number of his works in painting, sculpture, and architecture rank among the most famous in existence
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Economy of Greece - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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The economy of Greece is the 45th largest in the world with a nominal gross domestic product (GDP) of $238 billion per annum.
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Important Greek industries include tourism and shipping. With 18 million international tourists in 2013, Greece was the 7th most visited country in the European Union and 16th in the world.
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The Greek Merchant Navy is the largest in the world
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Ancient Greece - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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Ancient Greece is a large area in the north-east of the Mediterranean, where people spoke Greek
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In the 8th century B.C., the Greeks learned how to read and write a second time. They had lost
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heir alphabet was, in turn, copied by the Romans, and much of the world now uses the Roman alphabet.
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Greek Government - Ancient History Encyclopedia - 0 views
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fundamental questions as who should rule and how?
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t is possible to piece together a more complete history,
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Surviving, though, are over 150 political speeches and 20,000 inscriptions which include 500 decrees and 10 laws.
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Prehistory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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The term "prehistory" can refer to all time since the beginning of the universe,
History of Madagascar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
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The written history of Madagascar begins in the 7th century when Omani Arabs and Shirazi Persians established trading posts along the northwest coast and introduced Islam, the Arabic script (used to transcribe the Malagasy language in a form of writing known as sorabe), Arab astrology and other cultural elements.
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