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Neha C

Greek achievements and Greek history - 0 views

www3.northern.edu/...greekachievements2007.htm

greece achievements ancient accomplishments

shared by Neha C on 30 Sep 15 - No Cached
  • Art (Pathenon, sculptures of Phidias, etc., source of inspiration for Roman and all sorts of sub. art)
  • The Greeks excelled in sculpture.
  • Also impressive: Greek architecture.
  • ...21 more annotations...
  • Greek scupture inspired the Romans and (indirectly) the great sculptors of the Renaissance.
  • Elements of Greek architecture have been copied again and again from Roman times onward--and we still see many elements of Greek architecture in at least some of our public buildings today.
  • Sports (Olympic games)
  • The Greeks also are important for the contribution to sports.
  • There are lots of other echoes of the Greeks in our sports tradition of today.
  •   History (first and some of greatest historians, including HERODOTUS, Thucydides, and Xenophon)
  • The Greeks give us the first true historical works, and it was a Greek (Herodotus) that first used the term "history" for what we call history today.  Not only did the Greeks give us our first historical works, they also give us some of  our greatest.
  • The buildings on the Athenian acropolis are a great example.
  • First of all, it is impressive because it moves beyond the mere chronicling of events (something that had been done before) and attempts to explain why certain events happen and what those events means: what lesssons we can learn from history.
  •   Herodotus might be considered, not just the father of history, but the father of cultural anthropology as well.
  • And particular this is so when one looks at Herodotus' central theme: freedom.  A central theme of Herodotus' book is the value of living in a free society (even though it means sacrifice) rather than living under despotism no matter how well-organized and prosperous a society run by a despot might seem.  Herodotus book is one of the sources of the Western love of freedom.
  • Political science Not only do the Greeks give us our first history, they give us also our first political science, the systematic study of human government.  When one studies political science today, one constantly uses Greek terms (monarchy, democracy, etc.). Why?  Because the Greeks were the first to study the various forms of human government and to identify the strengths and weakness of each.
  • Aristotle's Politics and Plato's Republic are still much read in political science/political philosophy classes today, another good example of the lasting influence of the Greeks.
  • Poetry In poetery too, the Greek had a lasting influence.  When we analyze poetry today, we use Greek words (iamb, dactyl, trochee, etc.).  Why?  Because the Greeks were the first to systematically analyze poetry.  Here too Aristotle is a key figure.  His "Poetics" is as influential in literary criticism as his "Politics" is in political science.
  • Among the greatest and most influential of epic poems are the two great poems of Homer, the Iliad and the Odyssey. 
  • The Greeks also excelled at lyric poetry. 
  • Mathematics Math is another area in which the Greeks made important contributions.  You are all familiar with the Pythagorean theorum, and the Greek reverence for numbers that starts with Pythagoras is certainly an important contribution of the Greeks.
  • Now what's important here is *not* the practical application of geometry.  What's important is the systematic, rigorous thinking process one must go through in coming up with these proofs.  The study of Euclid taught generation after generation to think clearly and logically: and it is a pity that the current geometry texts have drifted away from this.
  •   Science The Greeks also made important contributions to the sciences.  Biology, Physics, Physiology, Zoology: all Greek names, because the Greeks were the first to systematically explore these areas.  Thales, the first Greek philosopher, also is the father of physics, asking a fundamental question: what are all things made of?  The Greeks explored the question, coming up with promising answers.  Ultimately, Greeks like Aristotle believed that the world was made up of four fundamental elements. Other Greeks added the idea that these elements in their turn were made up of invisible, indivisable particles they called atoms.  Now we have a lot more elements than the Greek four, and we believe the atom can be divided into evern more fundamental particles, but note that the Greeks are certainly on the right track.
  • Perhaps most impressive of all was Archimedes
  •   But its not just in literature the Greeks excelled. They produced some of the world's greatest art, the first true science, and some of the greatest athletes the world has ever seen.  In fact, of all the ancient peoples, it was the Greeks who contributed the most to subsequent civilization in virtually every field of human endeavor.  What's all the more amazing is that the Greek were able to do all these things despite the fact that they were constantly at war--or maybe because they were constantly at war. Generalization: Greeks made more important contributions to sub. civilization than any other ancient people.  Achievements:
Sanjana M

Ancient Greece - Culture and Society in the Ancient Greek World - 4 views

www.ancientgreece.com/Culture

shared by Sanjana M on 16 Oct 12 - No Cached
    • Ofek H
      Ofek H on 16 Oct 12
       
      The Greek Government did not allow freedom of speech or full rights for the citizens of Greece.
    • anonymous
      anonymous on 17 Oct 12
       
      Some geography here.
    • gpinhasi g
      gpinhasi g on 10 Oct 13
       
      full of facts about Ancient Greece government
  • ...5 more annotations...
  • The majority of Greek states were governed by groups of rich landowners, called aristocrats; this word is derived from 'aristoi', meaning best people. This was a system known as 'oligarchy' the rule by the few.
    • Sanjana M
      Sanjana M on 30 Sep 15
       
      Good information about geek society.
    • Sanjana M
      Sanjana M on 30 Sep 15
       
      Good website of Greek culture and society.
  • Greek Society was mainly broken up between Free people and Slaves, who were owned by the free people.
  • The social classes applied to men only, as women all took their social and legal status from their husband or their male partner. Women in ancient Greece were not permitted to take part in public life.
  • Democracy was introduced by an aristocrat, Cleisthenes.
  • anonymous on 17 Oct 12
     
    Just some information about ancient Greek culture.
  • ...1 more comment...
  • anonymous on 17 Oct 12
     
    Just some information about ancient Greek culture.
  • gpinhasi g on 10 Oct 13
     
    facts about ancient greece government.
  • Sanjana M on 30 Sep 15
     
    Greek Culture and Society
Garth Holman

Acropolis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 1 views

en.wikipedia.org/Acropolis

acropolis Greece

shared by Garth Holman on 17 Oct 14 - No Cached
  • An acropolis (Greek: ἀκρόπολις; from akros or akron, "highest", "topmost", "outermost" and polis, "city"; plural in English: acropoles, acropoleis or acropolises)
  • built upon an area of elevated ground—frequently a hill with precipitous sides, chosen for purposes of defense.
  • The word acropolis literally means in Greek "upper city," and though associated primarily with the Greek cities Athens
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • The most famous example is the Acropolis of Athens,[3] which, by reason of its historical associations and the several famous buildings erected upon it (most notably the Parthenon), is known without qualification as the Acropolis. Although originating in the mainland of Greece, use of the acropolis model quickly spread to Greek colonies such as the Dorian Lato on Crete during the Archaic Period.
  • Garth Holman on 17 Oct 14
     
    What is an Acropolis
Garth Holman

What Is an Advantage of a Direct Democracy? | The Classroom | Synonym - 2 views

classroom.synonym.com/age-direct-democracy-7831.html

Greece Directdemocracy democracy AncientGreece advantage

shared by Garth Holman on 20 Oct 15 - No Cached
  • In a pure democracy
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 20 Oct 15
       
      Here they use that word PURE! 
  • all citizens have the opportunity to participate in making the policies and laws for the society
  • representative democracy,
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 20 Oct 15
       
      This is what Rome comes up with later.  It is better for a larger population.  
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • citizen has a direct impact on every policy decision, since he has a vote on each issue
  • opportunity to speak and be heard, and there is an incentive for the community to be involved in town meetings, referenda and other elections.
  • power in the hands of the people,
  • opportunity to know about all of the important decisions, but they also have the responsibility to get the information necessary to understand the issues and make the best choices for laws and policies
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 20 Oct 15
       
      With power comes great responsibility.  That is the key. People have to work to make a direct democracy work.  
  • transparency to government
  • accountable to the people.
  • opportunity to voice her concerns, it's more difficult to brush concerns aside or to hide uncomfortable issues.
  • apathy of some citizens who don't choose to attend town assemblies or vote can result in something more like a representative system than a pure democratic one. Direct democracy also involves many more elections, which can be both inconvenient and expensive. Finally, because direct democracy is usually effective only in small societies, the influence of the media and government officials may be stronger there than in a larger setting.
David W

Pope Urban II orders first Crusade - Nov 27, 1095 - HISTORY.com - 5 views

www.history.com/...-urban-ii-orders-first-crusade

shared by David W on 07 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • On November 27, 1095, Pope Urban II makes perhaps the most influential speech of the Middle Ages, giving rise to the Crusades by calling all Christians in Europe to war against Muslims in order to reclaim the Holy Land, with a cry of "Deus vult!" or "God wills it!"
  • By the end of the 11th century, the Holy Land—the area now commonly referred to as the Middle East—had become a point of conflict for European Christians. Since the 6th century, Christians frequently made pilgrimages to the birthplace of their religion, but when the Seljuk Turks took control of Jerusalem, Christians were barred from the Holy City. When the Turks then threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and take Constantinople, Byzantine Emperor Alexius I made a special appeal to Urban for help. This was not the first appeal of its kind, but it came at an important time for Urban. Wanting to reinforce the power of the papacy, Urban seized the opportunity to unite Christian Europe under him as he fought to take back the Holy Land from the Turks.
  • Urban delivered a rousing speech summoning rich and poor alike to stop their in-fighting and embark on a righteous war to help their fellow Christians in the East and take back Jerusalem. Urban denigrated the Muslims, exaggerating stories of their anti-Christian acts, and promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • European nobles were tempted by the prospect of increased land holdings and riches to be gained from the conquest. These nobles were responsible for the death of a great many innocents both on the way to and in the Holy Land, absorbing the riches and estates of those they conveniently deemed opponents to their cause. Adding to the death toll was the inexperience and lack of discipline of the Christian peasants against the trained, professional armies of the Muslims. As a result, the Christians were initially beaten back, and only through sheer force of numbers were they eventually able to triumph
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 07 Mar 12
       
      God Wills it  -- this was the call.  All who went on Crusade were to paint a RED cross on their shirt to show they were on a mission for GOD. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
       So Jews, Christians and Muslims all "share" the holy land.  But the Muslim Turks closed the pilgrimage route and said they were going to attack their neighbors, so Byzantine Emperor asks for help and Pope URBAN II sees a way to gain more power.  And The crusades begin. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
      Urban asks rich (Kings/Nobles) and poor (peasants) alike to travel and free the holy land. He did not tell the whole truth, but added a little to make it sound worse.  Then he promised "A FREE PASS TO HEAVEN" for all who go and destroy Muslims.  The words Absolution (forgiveness) and Remission (take away) all sins=your free pass. 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 08 Mar 12
       
      People did not just go to "Serve G-D" but to gain wealth and power.  Christians only win one time and then lose the next six Crusades, but the impact of these events changed history forever. 
    • Nicole G
      Nicole G on 10 Mar 13
       
      Pope Urban II died in 1099 that was two weeks after the fall of Jerusalem and The Christians won and made it back to the Europe. 
    • parker g
      parker g on 10 Mar 15
       
      Truuuu
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 10 Mar 15
       
      This is the key phrase: promised absolution and remission of sins for all who died in the service of Christ.  What does this mean? 
    • Kanrry K
      Kanrry K on 11 Mar 15
       
      It means that your sins will be forgiven.
    • David W
      David W on 08 Mar 16
       
      This is the beginning of all wars.
Garth Holman

CROSS PURPOSES AT RUNNYMEDE - Awesome Stories - 1 views

www.awesomestories.com/...cross-purposes-at-runnymede

MagnaCarta Runnymede Interactive.

shared by Garth Holman on 20 Mar 12 - No Cached
  • Even as he agreed to meet, however, John did not intend to keep his word.
  • he agreed to its terms for one purpose only: to buy time.
  • he scarcely retained seven knights, was much alarmed lest the barons would attack his castles and reduce them without difficulty, as they would find no obstacle to their so doing; and he deceitfully pretended to make peace for a time with the aforesaid barons...
  • ...1 more annotation...
  • At length, after various points on both sides had been discussed, king John, seeing that he was inferior in strength to the barons, without raising any difficulty, granted the underwritten laws and liberties, and confirmed them by his charter...
  • Garth Holman on 20 Mar 12
     
    Part 4/9 Runnymede
Garth Holman

William Shakespeare born - Apr 23, 1564 - HISTORY.com - 0 views

www.history.com/...william-shakespeare-born

shakespeare Renaissance

shared by Garth Holman on 23 Apr 18 - No Cached
  • Stratford-on-Avon on April 23, 1564.
  • but church records show that he was baptized on April 26, and three days was a customary amount of time to wait before baptizing a newborn.
  • it was April 23, 1616.
  • ...10 more annotations...
  • This dearth of biographical information is due primarily to his station in life; he was not a noble, but the son of John Shakespeare, a leather trader and the town bailiff. The events of William Shakespeare’s early life can only be gleaned from official records, such as baptism and marriage records.
  • He probably attended the grammar school in Stratford, where he would have studied Latin and read classical literature.
  • 18 married Anne Hathaway, who was eight years his senior and pregnant at the time of the marriage.
  • but unfounded stories have him stealing deer, joining a group of traveling players, becoming a schoolteacher, or serving as a soldier in the Low Countries.
  • wrote derogatorily of him on his deathbed.
  • In 1594, having probably composed, among other plays, Richard III, The Comedy of Errors, and The Taming of the Shrew, he became an actor and playwright for the Lord Chamberlain’s Men, which became the King’s Men after James I’s ascension in 1603. The company grew into England’s finest, in no small part because of Shakespeare, who was its principal dramatist.
  • and the best theater, the Globe, which was located on the Thames’ south bank.
  • By 1596, the company had performed the classic Shakespeare plays Romeo and Juliet, Richard II, and A Midsummer Night’s Dream. That year, John Shakespeare was granted a coat of arms, a testament to his son’s growing wealth and fame.
  • he became a partner in the ownership of the Globe Theatre.
  • In a million words written over 20 years, he captured the full range of human emotions and conflicts with a precision that remains sharp today. As his great contemporary the poet and dramatist Ben Jonson said, “He was not of an age, but for all time.”
  • Garth Holman on 23 Apr 18
     
    Overview of his life.
Garth Holman

History of Timbuktu, Mali - 6 views

www.timbuktufoundation.org/history.html

WestAfrica Timbuktu

shared by Garth Holman on 04 May 12 - Cached
  • The popular statement, " From here to Timbuktu." conjures up images of remote, isolated and distant parts of this earth. Very few people are aware of this ancient city's location, and fewer still ascribe any kind of civilization to this historic area. Timbuktu is located in the western African nation of Mali at the edge of the sahara.
  • The historic town of Timbuktu is located at the precise point where the Niger flows northward into the southern edge of the desert. As a result of its unique geographical position, Timbuktu has been a natural meeting point of Songhai, Wangara,Fulani, Tuareg and Arabs. According to the inhabitants of Timbuku, gold came from the south, the salt from the north and the Divine knowledge, from Timbuktu. Timbuktu is also the cross-road where "the camel met the canoe." It is to this privilege position that the city owes much of its historical dynamism. From the 11th century and onward, Timbuktu became an important port where goods from West Africa and North Africa were traded.
  • Goods coming the Mediterranean shores and salt were traded in Timbuktu for gold. The prosperity of the city attracted both black scholars, blacks merchants and Arabs traders from North Africa. Salt, books and gold were very much in demand at that time.
  • ...9 more annotations...
  • he first constructions in Timbuktu were designed by African architects from Djenne and later on by Muslim architects from North Africa. Trade and knowledge were at their height.
  • Timbuktu became a celebrated center of Islamic learning and a commercial establishment. Timbuktu had three universities and 180 Quranic schools. These universities were the Sankore University, Jingaray Ber University and Sidi Yahya University. This was the golden age of Africa. Books were not only written in Timbuktu, but they were also imported and copied there. There was an advanced local book copying industry in the city. The universities and private libraries contained unparalleled scholarly works. The famous scholar of Timbuktu Ahmad Baba who was among those forcibly exiled in Morocco claimed that his library of 1600 books had been plundered, and that his library, according to him, was one of the smaller in the city.
  • The booming economy of Timbuktu attracted the attention of the Emperor of Mali, Mansa Mussa (1307-1332) also known as “Kan Kan Mussa.” He captured the city in 1325. As a Muslim, Mansa Mussa was impressed with the Islamic legacy of Timbuktu. On his return from Mecca, Mansa Mussa brought with him an Egyptian architect by the name of Abu Es Haq Es Saheli.
  • The Emperor also brought Arabs scholars to Timbuktu. To his great surprise, the Emperor has found that these scholars are underqualified compared to the black scholars of Timbuktu
  • Mansa Mussa's pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324 had made Mali known worldwide. The great rulertook 60,000 porters with him. Each porter carried 3 kilograms of pure gold, that is, 180,000 kilograms or at least 180 tons of gold (Reference: Volume IV UNESCO General History of Africa, pages 197-200). He had so much gold with him that when he stopped in Egypt, the Egyptian currency lost its value and as result, the name of Mali and Timbuktu appeared on the 14th century world map.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Who would take notice of all this gold?  
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Where camel met the canoe.  What does this mean? 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Key items traded? 
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 04 May 12
       
      Spread of Islam.  How did Timbuktu help Islam take hold in Africa?  How did Mansa Mussa Help spread the word about Timbuktu?
Garth Holman

The Significance of Jerusalem in Judaism - Israel & Judaism Studies (IJS) - 1 views

www.ijs.org.au/icance-of-jerusalem-in-judaism

Jerusalem Jews Temple

shared by Garth Holman on 20 Feb 19 - No Cached
  • The Old City of Jerusalem has within its walls holy places central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam. These include the Western Wall, built by King Solomon in the tenth century BCE as a retaining wall to support the Temple Mount; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, commenced in the fourth century CE under the Emperor Constantine; and the Dome of the Rock and the Al Aqsa Mosque, built after the conquest of Jerusalem by the Caliph Omar in the seventh century. The proximity of these sites reflects the close historical and doctrinal relationship between the three monotheistic religions.
  • Jews have lived in the land of Israel for nearly 4,000 years, going back to the period of the biblical patriarchs (c.1900 BCE). The story of the Jewish people, Israel, its capital, Jerusalem, and the Jewish Temple there, has been one of exile, destruction and rebirth. In its 4,000 years of history Jerusalem has been destroyed many times and many times reborn. There has always remained a Jewish presence in the land of Israel and in Jerusalem, and the Jewish people as a whole always dreamed of returning to and rebuilding it, a longing reflected in the concluding words of Israel’s national anthem, ‘Ha Tikvah’ (‘The Hope’):
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 20 Feb 19
       
      So why Jerusalem for Jews?
Garth Holman

Richard The Lionheart Massacres The Saracens, 1191 - 0 views

www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/lionheart.htm

shared by Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17 - Cached
  • On their yielding the town he had engaged to grant their life, adding that if the Sultan carried out the bargain he would give them freedom and suffer them to carry off their children and wives; if the Sultan did not fulfill his engagements they were to be made slaves.
  • in his heart,
  • Turcoples
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17
       
      turcopoles (also "turcoples" or "turcopoli"; from the Greek: τουρκόπουλοι, "sons of Turks") were locally recruited mounted archers employed by the Christian states of the Eastern Mediterranean
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • perfidiously
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17
       
      deliberately faithless; treacherous; deceitful:
  • decreed
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17
       
      to command, ordain, or decide by decree.
  • They numbered more than three thousand and were all bound with ropes.
  • once and massacred them with sword and lance in cold blood.
  • seeing what was being done to the prisoners, rushed against the Franks and in the combat, which lasted till nightfall, several were slain and wounded on either side
  • Musulmans
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17
       
      Word for Muslim.
  • morning our people gathered at the spot and found the Musulmans stretched out upon the ground as martyrs for the faith.
  • Ascalon,
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 19 Mar 17
       
      Modern day city in Israel.
Garth Holman

Feudal System - 14 views

www.middle-ages.org.uk/feudal-system.htm

middleAges laws rights responsiblility quest3 quest4

shared by Garth Holman on 24 Jan 12 - No Cached
  • Feudal SystemThe Feudal System was sustained by the rights and privileges given to the Upper Classes and in most cases enacted by laws. Everything was a source of privilege for the nobles. They had a thousand pretexts for establishing taxes on their vassals, who were generally considered "taxable and to be worked at will." Kings and councils waived the necessity of their studying, in order to be received as bachelors of universities. If a noble was made a prisoner of war, his life was saved by his nobility, and his ransom had practically to be raised by the "villains" of his domains.
  • The Feudal System Right of Hunting
  • The Feudal System Right of Jurisdiction
  • ...19 more annotations...
  • The Feudal System Right of Safe Convoy
  • The Feudal System Right of Wearing Spurs
  • The Feudal System Rights of Knighthood
  • The Feudal System Right of having seats of honour in churches and Monuments
  • The Feudal System Right of Disinheritance
  • The Feudal System Right of common oven
  • Feudal System Rights of Treasure Trove
  • The Feudal System Right of Shipwrecks
  • The Feudal System Right of Shelter
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      What does the word Villains mean, as it is used here?  
  • all privileges dearest to and most valued by the nobles.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      If you are not a noble, what would happen if you killed an animal on the nobles land? 
    • anonymous
      anonymous on 30 Jan 13
       
      you would get punished
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      Who was the judge of in all cases on a manor? 
    • Olivia A
      Olivia A on 30 Jan 13
       
      The Lord
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      This right applied to what members of society? 
    • Olivia A
      Olivia A on 30 Jan 13
       
      All member of society
  • Knights had the right of receiving double rations when prisoners of war; the right of claiming a year's delay when a creditor wished to seize their land; and the right of never having to submit to torture after trial, unless they were condemned to death for the crime they had committed.
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      What are three rights a KNIGHT had? 
    • Sridhar U
      Sridhar U on 30 Jan 13
       
      Reviving Double Rations when Prisoner of war. The right to not pay money for the land for a year. The right to have no tourture after a trail.
  • of claiming the goods of a person dying on their lands who had no direct heir. They also had the right of claiming a tax when a fief or domain changed hands.
  • the right of common oven required serfs to make use of the mill, the oven, of the lord
    • Garth Holman
      Garth Holman on 29 Jan 13
       
      What did this force all peasant and serfs to do? 
  • Garth Holman on 24 Jan 12
     
    Laws and rights of the middle ages.
Garth Holman

Microsoft Word - Medieval People.doc.pdf - 2 views

quest2 quest3 feudalism feudal

shared by Garth Holman on 26 Jan 16 - No Cached
  • Kings needed the good will and support of the Nobles and Knights so they granted them lands in return for their military services. The Nobles and Knights would in turn grant some of their lands to Freemen. Life lived under the Medieval Feudal System demanded that everyone owed allegiance to the King and their immediate superior. Everyone was expected to pay for the land by providing the following services:
  • Medieval Castle was governed by the pyramid-shaped Feudal System. This was based on the belief that the land belonged to God - but that the Kings, who ruled by Divine Right, managed the land and used it as they wished.
  • land belonged to God
  • ...8 more annotations...
  • Divine Right,
  • ope, as God's vicar on Earth, had the right to intervene and impose sanctions on an unjust King.
  • Feudalism pyramid the King was answerable to the Pope.
  • a King, depose a King, forfeit his Kingdom, put another King in his place or excommunicate a King.
  • The King claimed ownership of the land
  • these nobles then pledged their loyalty by swearing to serve and protect the king
  • military men (the knights) who were called vassals
  • The land was worked by the peasants or serfs. They belonged to the land and could not leave without permission - the bottom of the Feudalism pyramid.
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