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Dietary intake of menaquinone is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease: the Rotterdam Study.\nGeleijnse JM, Vermeer C, Grobbee DE, Schurgers LJ, Knapen MH, van der Meer IM, Hofman A, Witteman JC.\nJ Nutr. 2004 Nov;134(11):3100-5.\nPMID: 15514282

Vitamin K2 is emerging as an exciting player in the control and possible regression of coronary atherosclerotic plaque. Only about 10% of dietary vitamin K intake is in the K2 form, the other 90% being the more common K1.

Determination of Phylloquinone and Menaquinones in Foods by HPLC\n\nTerhi Koivu-Tikkanen\n\nAcademic Dissertation, January 2001. \nUniversity of Helsinki, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, \nDepartment of Applied Chemistry and Microbiology

Strong correlations have been noted between cardiovascular diseases and low bone density / osteoporosis-connections so strong that the presence of one is considered a likely predictor of the other. This relationship has led to the hypothesis that these conditions share core pathophysiological mechanisms. Recent advances in our understanding of the complimentary roles played by vitamin D3 and vitamin K2 in vascular and bone health provide support for this hypothesis, along with insight into key metabolic dysfunctions underlying cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Part II, The Vitamin K Connection to Cardiovascular Health, reviews the ways in which vitamin K regulates calcium utlization, preventing vascular and soft tissue calcification while complimenting the bone-building actions of vitamin D, and also discusses vitamin K safety and dosage issues, and the necessity of providing vitamin K and vitamin A along with vitamin D to preclude adverse effects associated with hypervitaminosis D.

Dietary supplementation with fermented soybeans suppresses intimal thickening. Suzuki Y, Kondo K, Ichise H, Tsukamoto Y, Urano T, Umemura K. Nutrition. 2003 Mar;19(3):261-4. PMID: 12620531