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The IMF reported that over 40 countries have approached with requests for CBDC capacity development assistance. Countries' questions range from objectives and design choices to pilots and analysis of macro-financial implications. In the past two years, the IMF has started to engage with almost 30 countries. The IMF will also publish a Handbook that will be the basis for CBDC capacity development and help countries make well-informed decisions when taking the major step to design and issue their own CBDC. The Handbook chapters will provide mostly a framework for structuring CBDC exploration and cover five priority areas: (1) policy objectives and operational framework of CBDC; (2) foundational requirements and readiness to issue CBDC, such as legal considerations, cyber resilience, central bank governance, and regulation and supervision; (3) CBDC design processes, considerations, and choices; (4) project approaches and technology; and (5) potential macrofinancial impacts of CBDC. The initial wave of chapters, slated for publication around the 2023 Annual Meetings, will (1) provide a methodological framework for conducting CBDC exploration; (2) address the most common requests that IMF staff encounter in capacity development engagement; and (3) be based on relatively well-established knowledge and experiences. [

IMF staff, in their concluding statement of their 2023 Article IV consultation mission, expressed concerns about the Fintech initiatives of the Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI). These included the enactment of the DAO Act and the move to start registration of decentralized autonomous organizations (DAOs), and the potential launch of a stablecoin. Concerns included capacity constraints and questions regarding the understanding of the authorities to adequately regulate and supervise these initiatives. IMF staff also encouraged the authorities to expeditiously enact the SOV Repeal Bill. (In 2018 the RMI legislature passed the SOV Act making the RMI government-backed SOV crypto-asset a second legal tender, in addition to the US dollar, about which IMF staff had expressed reservations.)

The Digital Currency Monetary Authority (DCMA) announced their official launch of an international central bank digital currency (CBDC) at the 2023 International Monetary Fund (IMF) Spring Meetings. The press release implies that their Universal Monetary Unit (UMU) algorithmic stablecoin has the IMF's blessing, including quoting IMF Financial Counselor Tobias Adrian from a November 2022 speech that implies nothing about DCMA engagement. Also,  the following quote from the DCMA's legal counsel appears designed to mislead:  "although the IMF has not officially endorsed UMU, in reviewing the DCMA's whitepaper and in weekly team discussions, the IMF has yet to state any objections to UMU's FX premium rates and its monetary sovereignty approach."

The IMF published five key observations on Nigeria's eNaira central bank digital currency (CBDC) that launched on October 25. The article noted that the IMF was involved in the rollout process, including by providing reviews of the product design. The article also said that the IMF is ready to collaborate with the authorities on data analysis, cross-country studies, sharing the eNaira experience with other countries, and discussing further evolution of the eNaira including its design, regulatory framework, and other aspects.

The IMF published two papers aimed at assisting countries in their understanding and mitigation of the money laundering (ML), terror financing (TF), and financing of the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction (PF) risks related to virtual assets (VAs). The first paper explains why VAs are vulnerable for misuse for ML/TF/PF purposes and clarifies which assets and service providers should be subject to AML/CFT measures. It discusses the measures that all countries should take, and the type of action necessary in instances of criminal misuse of VA. The second paper focuses on the AML/CFT regulatory and supervisory framework for virtual asset service providers (VASPs), and discusses the necessary AML/CFT measures and provide examples of practical solutions to implement them. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2021/10/14/Virtual-Assets-and-Anti-Money-Laundering-and-Combating-the-Financing-of-Terrorism-1-463654 https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fintech-notes/Issues/2021/10/14/Virtual-Assets-and-Anti-Money-Laundering-and-Combating-the-Financing-of-Terrorism-2-463657

The Group of Seven (G-7) has signaled its commitment to implementing the forthcoming Financial Stability Board (FSB) crypto-asset regulatory norms and IMF central bank digital currency (CBDC) recommendations. The FSB is expected to finalize its high-level crypto-asset recommendations by July 2023. The first installments of the IMF  "Retail CBDC Handbook", to be produced in close cooperation with and drawing from the inputs of experts and stakeholders including other international organizations, standard setters and national authorities, will be published by the October 2023 IMF/World Bank Annual Meetings. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/media/64307/g7-communique-20230513.pdf

The IMF published a blog post that makes the case for leveraging the technology behind crypto-assets to upgrade payment infrastructures and ensure interoperability, safety, and efficiency in digital finance. It points particularly to tokenization, encryption, and programmability, plus central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) to clear and settle transactions. Payments could be made from one private money to another, through the CBDC ledger or platform. Money could be escrowed on the CBDC platform, then released when certain conditions are met, such as when a tokenized asset is received. And the CBDC platform could offer a basic programming language to ensure smart contracts are trusted and compatible with one another. More detail on these ideas were published in a recent IMF working paper ("A Multi-Currency Exchange and Contracting Platform"). https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2022/11/04/A-Multi-Currency-Exchange-and-Contracting-Platform-525445

International Monetary Fund (IMF) spokesman Gerry Rice reportedly said Fund staff will meet later on Thursday (June 10) with El Salvador President Nayib Bukele to discuss the recently passed bitcoin law that gives bitcoin legal tender status in the country. Rice reportedly said "adoption of bitcoin as legal tender raises a number of macroeconomic, financial and legal issues that require very careful analysis." El Salvador is also in discussions with the IMF seeking a near $1 billion program.

El Salvador should not use bitcoin as legal tender, IMF staff wrote in their concluding statement of their 2021 Article IV mission. Given bitcoin's high price volatility, its use as a legal tender entails significant risks to consumer protection, financial integrity, and financial stability. Its use also gives rise to fiscal contingent liabilities. Also they recommended that the Chivo wallet should fully safeguard customers' funds by segregating and ring-fencing reserve assets. IMF staff also recommended that El Salvador consider closing the $150 million trust fund it is using to facilitate Bitcoin to U.S. dollar conversions to limit fiscal contingent liabilities. However, staff did acknowledge that crypto-technologies and digital payment systems like Chivo have the potential to make payments more efficient, thereby enhancing financial inclusion and supporting growth.

The IMF discussed Banco Central do Brasil's digital currency (CBDC) initiative in its 2023 Article IV consultation staff report. It describes the digital real (RD) as a "smart" platform for financial services based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) that leverages the digital representation of assets (tokenization) and programmability, seeking to foster innovation. At an initial stage, it will be used for deposits/accounts and other financial assets (e.g., federal government securities), while at a later stage more complex assets will be tokenized such as vehicles and real estate ownership titles, as well as rural financing solutions based on tokenized agricultural produce. The IMF report warned that a transition to a tokenized world will require changes in the legal framework that ensure a reliable bridge to reality, and additional legal provisions may be needed to ensure that holders have an actual right over a real-world asset or service.

"Last week the IMF published a paper on X-C, a platform for cross border payments, co-authored by the IMF and members of MIT's Digital Currency Initiative. The solution proposes a global centralized ledger for cross border payments in which central banks, banks and payment providers participate. An X-C platform would not just centralize payments and settlement, but also provide a foreign exchange (FX) market, hedging and compliance. "

"A former International Monetary Fund (IMF) official, John Kiff, believes that CBDCs need to function offline and that such technology already exists in the form of stored-value cards, which were introduced in the 1990s, according to a blog post published on the IMF website on Sept. 26."

The IMF has reportedly called on the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe to carefully consider the benefits of issuing a gold-backed digital currency versus the potential macroeconomic, financial stability, governance, legal and operational risks, plus the cost of forgone FX reserves. The IMF urged country authorities to rather use conventional measures to address economic challenges, such as maintaining a tight monetary-policy stance and accelerating the liberalization of the foreign-currency market.

The IMF published feedback on the Central Bank of Kenya central bank digital currency (CBDC) discussion paper published in February 2022. The IMF recommended that the paper emphasize that CBDC will "do no harm" to existing private-sector digital payment solutions. A poorly designed CBDC risks taking away customers of banks and other digital finance providers, increasing the cost of financing for banks, and depriving banks of valuable information they obtain through establishing customer relations.

The Group of Twenty (G20) unanimously adopted the "G20 Finance Ministers and Central Bank Governors Communique" during its meeting in Marrakesh, Morocco, and accepted the crypto regulatory roadmap proposed in the "IMF-FSB Synthesis Paper: Policies for Crypto-Assets" joint report published by the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the Financial Stability Board (FSB) in September 2023. The paper advocates for comprehensive oversight of crypto instead of a blanket ban. Its high-level recommendations include cross-border cooperation and information sharing between regulators, a demand for comprehensive governance and risk management frameworks for crypto companies, and a guarantee of access to relevant data provided by companies to the authorities. https://twitter.com/FinMinIndia/status/1712589236765893035

The IMF published a board paper on "Elements of Effective Policies for Crypto-Assets" that provides guidance to IMF member countries on key elements of an appropriate policy response to crypto-assets. It sets forth a framework of nine policy actions that can help members develop a comprehensive, consistent, and coordinated policy response.

The IMF is encouraging the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas to start exploring the possibility of collecting data from crypto-asset exchanges for macroeconomic analysis, in particular international financial flows using crypto-assets. At the BSP's request, IMF staff delivered a lecture on the treatment of crypto-assets in macroeconomic statistics, based on the latest methodology released by the IMF's Statistics Department.

The IMF will be collaborating with Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP) to create a wholesale central bank digital currency (CBDC) aimed at addressing (i) frictions on cross border foreign currency transfers; (ii) settlement risk exposure arising from the use of commercial bank money in the equities market; and (iii) challenges in operating the automated intraday liquidity facility. The BSP has decided that retail CBDC would have limited benefits for the Philippines economy due to widespread digitalization of retail payments and financial inclusion reforms. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/CR/Issues/2022/12/15/Philippines-2022-Article-IV-Consultation-Press-Release-and-Staff-Report-526983

The IMF and World Bank published a paper that outlines their multi-year strategy to provide technical assistance (TA) to help member countries meet the G20 Roadmap for Enhancing Cross-border Payments. A stocktaking exercise shows that their TA supports the Roadmap's three interconnected priority themes: (i) payment system interoperability and extension, (ii) legal, regulatory, and supervisory frameworks, and (iii) cross-border data exchange and message standards. Going forward, the TA will focus on access to payment systems, extending and aligning operating hours, interlinking of payment systems (especially fast payment systems), promoting the access to and use of digital ID and data exchange across borders, ISO 20022 message standards harmonization, and the application of Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism (AML/CFT) rules.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) said that the Bahamas' Sand Dollar central bank digital currency (CBDC) needs better reach and more security to achieve its aims. The IMF noted the Sand Dollar represents only 0.1% of currency in circulation. The country's central bank "should continue strengthening internal capacity - including on cybersecurity and the resilience of systems associated with the Sand Dollar," adding that there are currently "limited avenues to use the Sand Dollar."