Fintech Daily Digest

This paper proposes a design and a first implementation for an offline-first digital euro. The protocol offers complete privacy during transactions using zero-knowledge proofs. Furthermore, transactions can be executed offline without third parties and retroactive double-spending detection is facilitated. To protect the users' privacy, but also guard against money laundering, bank and trusted third parties for law enforcement must collaborate to decrypt transactions, revealing the digital pseudonym used in the transaction. Importantly, the transaction can be decrypted without decrypting prior transactions attached to the digital euro. The protocol has a working initial implementation showcasing its usability and demonstrating functionality.

Jahrbücher für Nationalökonomie und Statistik (JNS) published a paper by two Financial Network Analytics (FNA) staff that uses agent-based modelling to simulate retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) adoption, calibrated to Spain's retail payment ecosystem. Results suggest that the distribution of government subsidies via CBDC creates incentives to reduce the use of cash. Also, reverse waterfall functionality (automatic transfer of funds from bank deposits to CBDC wallets) and a positive remuneration spread to bank deposits are effective in fostering adoption. However, the model did not model banks as adaptive decision makers that would include their ability to counter CBDC remuneration.

The Central Bank of Papua New Guinea (CBPNG) is working with Soramitsu on a central bank digital currency (CBDC) proof-of-concept (POC) aimed at building a common payment platform across the Pacific Island region. Also, some areas of Papua New Guinea are plagued by instability, violence, and frequent occurrences of robberies and muggings, so the POC will explore digital technologies that will allow recovery of funds after such incidents. The project is being funded by the Government of Japan's Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry's 2023 supplementary budget "Subsidy for Global South Future-Oriented Co-Creation Projects (Indirect Subsidy Project Related to the Survey on the Overseas Deployment of Infrastructure by Japanese Companies)."

The Reserve Bank of India (RBI) joined Project Nexus, a multilateral international initiative to enable instant cross-border retail payments by interlinking domestic fast payment systems (FPSs). Nexus, conceptualized by the BIS Innovation Hub aims to connect the FPSs of four ASEAN countries (Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand); and now India. Indonesia, which has been involved from the early stages, continues to be involved as a special observer. The platform is expected to go live by 2026. Once functional, Nexus will play an important role in making retail cross-border payments efficient, faster, and more cost effective.

The Central Bank of the States of West Africa (BCEAO) has launched the pilot phase of the interoperable instant payment system (IPS) of the West African Economic and Monetary Union (UEMOA). 25 financial institutions across four countries met the criteria required to participate. A second group will join the pilot on August 12, 2024.The new interoperable 24/7 IPS infrastructure is capable of processing transactions of any kind, regardless of the account type.

The share of digital payment transactions to total monthly retail payments in the Philippines grew from 42.1% in 2022 to 52.8% in 2023, according to the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (BSP). This indicates that the central bank has surpassed its target of digitalizing 50% of digital payments volume in the country under its Digital Payments Transformation Roadmap 2018-2023. In terms of value, the latest e-payments measurement also showed that the share of monthly digital payments to total transactions increased to 55.3% in 2023 from 40.1% in 2022. The main contributors to the rise in e-payments were merchant payments which accounted for 64.9% of monthly digital payments volume, person-to-person transfers at 19.3%, and business-to-business supplier payments at 6.1%.

Under new rules from the U.K. Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), banks and building societies will need to weigh up if local communities lack access to cash services, like branches and ATMs, and plug significant gaps. Under the new rules banks will need to respond to local residents and community organizations when closing branches and ATMs and provide an assessment of whether there are gaps in local cash access. Where significant gaps are found, banks will be obliged to retain branches and ATMs until alternative solutions are found.

The Bank of Israel (BOI) has chosen 14 teams from the private and public sectors, and academia to study potential use cases for a digital shekel. The use cases that were selected by the BOI deal with a variety of functions: connectivity between the digital shekel, other payment systems, and cash; use of the advanced functionalities offered by the digital shekel, such as subwallets, conditional payments, and split payments; and the implementation of various technologies while using the digital shekel as a means of payment. Participant proposals will be tested in a digital sandbox in August 2024, with products developed to be showcased at a concluding conference at the end of October 2024.

The UAE Central Bank (CBUAE) approved a framework for stablecoin regulation on June 14, 2024, which allows only dirham-backed stablecoins to be used for payments. Other crypto-assets will be restricted to trading, investment, and corporate treasury purposes while foreign stablecoins will only be permitted for purchasing specific virtual assets like non-fungible tokens (NFTs). The new law mandates that no entity can issue a payment token without submitting a white paper to the central bank for approval. Banks are not directly permitted to issue payment tokens but can do so through subsidiaries or affiliates, provided they meet licensing and regulatory requirements. The new framework is set to commence in June 2025.

WorldPay published the 2024 edition of its Global Payment Report. It reports that the ubiquitous acceptance of digital wallets is enabling greater consumer choice and control in this era of payments innovation. According to the findings, digital wallets accounted for $13.9 trillion in global transaction value in 2023, representing half of all online and 30% of consumer spend at point-of-sale (POS). In markets where credit and debit cards already had strong consumer attachment, the data suggests consumers remain loyal to these cards, choosing to connect them to their digital wallets. Although cash usage continues to decline, cash accounted for 16% of global transaction value, including double-digit share in 30 of 40 markets in this report.

The Financial Stability Board (FSB) published a report that explores potential factors driving the higher level of activities related to foreign currency-pegged stablecoins in emerging market and developing economies (EMDEs), the associated financial stability risks and regulatory challenges, and provides considerations to address them. EMDEs may be exposed to macro-financial risks arising from the use of foreign currency pegged global stablecoins, which can increase financial stability risks by destabilizing financial flows and straining fiscal resources.

Banco Central de Reserva del Perú (BCRP) has awarded its first contract for the development of its retail central bank digital currency (CBDC) pilot. The winner is telecom firm Viettel Perú. The contract will run for one year, which may be extended for up to one additional year at the justified request of Viettel Peru. No further details have been made available. https://www.bcrp.gob.pe/docs/Transparencia/Notas-Informativas/2024/nota-informativa-2024-07-17.pdf

The Laboratório de Inovações Financeiras e Tecnológicas (LIFT), a joint initiative of BCB and Federação Nacional de Associações dos Servidores do Banco Central (Fenasbac), will resume activities following a hiatus in 2023. Since its inception in 2018, the laboratory has been at the forefront of innovation within the Brazilian national financial system, focusing on developing technological prototypes. The 2023/2024 edition will feature seven projects to enhance the financial innovation ecosystem. The 2023/2024 edition will include seven projects, including technological solutions for anti-money laundering and compliance, B2B interoperability solutions between incompatible blockchain networks, and scores for Pix payments to identify fake accounts.

Banco Central do Brasil (BCB) has pushed back the addition of recurring payments to its Pix instant payment platform from October 2024 until June 2025. Automatic Pix will facilitate recurring charges that let users authorize periodic debits automatically, without the need for authentication for each transaction. The BCB also published amended Pix regulations that limit transactions on access devices that are unregistered or that have never been used to initiate a Pix transaction to R$200 and R$1,000 per day. The amendments will become effective on November 1, 2024.

The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has provided final approval to spot Ethereum (ETH) exchange-traded funds (ETFs) following the listing of these instruments on three American exchanges on July 23, 2024. The approved issuers include BlackRock, Fidelity, 21Shares, Bitwise, Franklin Templeton, VanEck, and Invesco Galaxy, all of whom also offer Bitcoin ETFs that were greenlighted by the SEC at the beginning of 2024. All spot ETH ETFs, except Grayscale, kept the base fee between 0.15% and 0.25%, but Fidelity, 21Shares, Bitwise, Franklin, and VanEck will waive all fees until a set period or a determined amount in net assets is achieved. Grayscale is charging 2.50%.

Giesecke+Devrient (G+D) unveiled its Convego TruSafe self hosted cryptocurrency wallet solution, which it aims to distribute via banks. It combines a mobile wallet app with a smart card that looks like a debit card and acts as cold wallet storage. If someone loses the card, it's recoverable by splitting your private key into pieces or shards. One is held on the card, one by your bank and one by G+D. If the card is lost, a new one can be ordered and authenticated and activated through the mobile app, and access to the digital assets on the lost card regained. A wallet holder must use biometrics to request a new card, which recreates the key behind the scenes. https://www.gi-de.com/en/group/press/press-releases/from-complexity-to-simplicity-g-d-provides-seamless-and-secure-self-custody-of-digital-assets

The Eurosystem defined a harmonized policy to allow non-bank payment service providers (PSPs) to access central bank-operated payment systems, including TARGET. Non-bank PSPs include payment institutions (PIs) and electronic money institutions (EMIs). The broader access criteria for TARGET are aimed at enhancing the efficiency of the European retail payments market, fostering competition and innovation in the European payments landscape, and supporting the uptake of instant payments in the European Union. Starting in April 2025, non-bank PSPs meeting certain requirements will be able to access TARGET, including T2 (for settling payments) and TIPS (for settling instant payments). The Payment Services Directive was also amended to introduce the option for non-bank PSPs to safeguard users' funds in an account held with a central bank, subject to the discretion of that central bank.

The World Bank published a technical paper on on its practical experiments on fast payments system (FPS) interoperability with central bank digital currency (CBDC) systems. The first experiment investigated the option of settling FPS obligations in a wholesale CBDC system, including the option to reserve funds to guarantee the settlement of FPS net obligations. The second experiment investigated the interoperability between users within the FPS and retail CBDC users, including the transfer of funds among both types of users, using common services such as address resolution services. This experiment illustrated how CBDC systems could interoperate with retail payment systems through an interlinking bridge that was used to route messages and application programming interface (API) calls among different systems. The programmability features of distributed ledger technology (DLT) were used to link the settlement in CBDC to the transfer of funds in the FPS.

The Bank for International Settlements (BIS) published a paper that examines the relationship between digital payment innovation, economic growth and informal activities in 101 economies over 2014-19. It finds that a one-percentage point increase in digital payments use is associated with increases in the growth of GDP per capita of 0.10 percentage points and a decline in the share of informal sector employment of 0.06 percentage points, both over a two-year period. Digital payments do not appear to be significantly associated with rises in total factor productivity once controlling for general measures of digitalization and government effectiveness, but they are linked to greater financial inclusion and credit access. The results reinforce the case for government policies to encourage digital payments and, as complementary factors, access to the financial sector and information technology.

Five spot Ethereum exchange-traded funds (ETFs) will begin trading on the Chicago Board Options Exchange (CBOE) on July 23, 2024, "pending regulatory effectiveness". The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) approved rule changes permitting the listing of several spot Ether ETFs on May 23, but the regulator still had to sign off on each fund issuer's respective S-1 registration statements before trading can commence.