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One in six South African men and one in seven South African women will get cancer during their lives. It is a complex life-threatening condition that can affect people at any age and usually requires painful and uncomfortable treatment. Cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells in the body - the cancerous cells are also called malignant cells - and can develop in almost any organ or tissue, such as the lung, colon, breast, skin, bones, or nerve tissue. The symptoms of cancer depend on the type and location of the tumour: for example, lung cancer can cause coughing, shortness of breath, or chest pain, whereas colon cancer often causes diarrhoea, constipation, and blood in the stool. Whereas some people are genetically predisposed to certain types of cancer, most cancers are lifestyle-related (for example smoking, unhealthy diet) and can be prevented.

To create a stable cell line generation lentivirus, cells are typically transduced with lentiviral particles containing the desired gene of interest. The lentiviral vector integrates into the host cell's genome, leading to stable expression of the gene in the cell line. This allows researchers to study the effects of the gene of interest in a controlled and reproducible manner.

The crispr cas 9 plasmid system is a gene editing technology based on the modification of adaptive immunity mechanisms in prokaryotes. It consists of two modules, one is the gRNA and its backbone that recognise specific DNA sequences, the other is Cas9, a protein that binds and edits DNA. Since its invention, the technology has developed rapidly. Nowadays, cas9 grna plasmid and its variants are widely used in various fields, such as editing, detecting, labelling, and imaging of nucleic acids in live cells. The technology has revolutionised the way basic life sciences and biomedicine are researched due to its efficiency and ease of use in different species. The inventor of the technology was also awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Today the crispr cas virus system is still thriving, with broad prospects and deep potential both in basic science research and in clinical applications such as gene therapy and cell therapy.

BBC : February 26, 2016, Friday Sperm have been made in the laboratory and used to father healthy baby mice in a pioneering move that could lead to infertility treatments. The Chinese research took a stem cell, converted it into primitive sperm and fertilised an egg to produce healthy pups.