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To keep this discussion from getting too complicated, I have so far only focused on evaluating summative and formative learning outcomes.  Things gets a lot more complicated when considering the how assessing learning with badges might be used to transform existing ecosystems or create new ones.  This is because the “learning” associated with transformative assessment defies conventional characterizations of learning.  The learning associated with transformative outcomes is really systemic change.  Such learning is highly contextualized within the social and technological practices that collectively define a specific learning ecosystem.