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Coonoor Behal

Memberships Theory of Poverty: The Role of Group Affiliations in Determining Socioecono... - 0 views

www.irp.wisc.edu/...dp122101.pdf

behaviors behaviorchange behavioraleconomics groups membership policy

shared by Coonoor Behal on 15 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Coonoor Behal on 15 Feb 13
     
    This paper describes a particular perspective on the causes of poverty: a memberships based theory. The idea of this theory is that an individual's socioeconomic prospects are strongly influenced by the groups to which he is attached over the course of his life. Such groups may be endogenous; examples include residential neighborhoods, schools and firms. Other groups are exogenous, including ethnicity and gender. I describe the main ideas of the memberships theory, characterize the empirical evidence in its support, and remark on its implications for anti-poverty policy.
Coonoor Behal

What Strategies Work for the Hard-to-Employ? | mdrc 2012 - 0 views

www.mdrc.org/at-strategies-work-hard-employ

behaviors barrierstowork employment MDRC ACF

shared by Coonoor Behal on 25 Mar 13 - No Cached
  • Coonoor Behal on 25 Mar 13
     
    "In the context of a public safety net focused on limiting dependency and encouraging participation in the labor market, policymakers and researchers are especially interested in individuals who face obstacles to finding and keeping jobs. The Enhanced Services for the Hard-to-Employ (HtE) Demonstration and Evaluation Project was a 10-year study that evaluated innovative strategies aimed at improving employment and other outcomes for groups who face serious barriers to employment. The project was sponsored by the Administration for Children and Families (ACF) Office of Planning, Research and Evaluation in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, with additional funding from the U.S. Department of Labor. This report describes the HtE programs and summarizes the final results for each program. Additionally, it presents information for three sites from the ACF-sponsored Employment Retention and Advancement (ERA) project where hard-to-employ populations were also targeted. Three of the eight models that are described here led to increases in employment. Two of the three - large-scale programs that provided temporary, subsidized "transitional" jobs to facilitate entry into the workforce for long-term welfare recipients in one program and for ex-prisoners in the other - produced only short-term gains in employment, driven mainly by the transitional jobs themselves. The third one - a welfare-to-work program that provided unpaid work experience, job placement, and education services to recipients with health conditions - had longer-term gains, increasing employment and reducing the amount of cash assistance received over four years. Promising findings were also observed in other sites. An early-childhood development program that was combined with services to boost parents' self-sufficiency increased employment and earnings for a subgroup of the study participants and increased the use of high-quality child care; the program for ex-prisoners mentioned abov
Coonoor Behal

Profiting From a Child's Illiteracy - NYTimes.com - 0 views

www.nytimes.com/...-from-a-childs-illiteracy.html

SSI incentives earlychildhood povertyprograms children

shared by Coonoor Behal on 07 Dec 12 - No Cached
  • Because kids don’t have a political voice, they have been neglected — and have replaced the elderly as the most impoverished age group in our country.
Coonoor Behal

The Death of Consumer Segmentation? | CMO Strategy - Advertising Age - 0 views

adage.com/...135961

customersegmentation productaffinity Apple Amazon consumer marketing

shared by Coonoor Behal on 08 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • the rather static definition of consumer segments is becoming less reliable in our extremely volatile society, especially in today's economic climate. A consumer's lifetime value may have decreased significantly in the past six months, a fact not reflected by any segmentation method. A person might be out of a purchase cycle for a particular product because of a significant household change
  • These life-changing events are becoming more difficult to predict because consumers live their lives on a much less traditional path than they did 10 or 20 years ago.
  • consumers are never just part of one segment. Rather, they feel, rightfully, that they belong to a multitude of segments.
  • ...7 more annotations...
  • This individual belongs to three segments with different behavior patterns, product affinities and interests -- depending on the time of day or the day of the week. This is particularly true for the growing multicultural groups in the U.S. who are moving through several segment identities every single day.
  • consumers are gaining more control of any marketing activity. And they like it.
  • t's easier to let them choose and decide what is relevant for them than to predict relevance based on any expensively calculated segment identity. This is a plea to marketers for a stronger focus on enabling the consumer to self-segment.
  • following in the footsteps of Amazon in recommending segment identities by correlating the interest in one product to another. An investment in a smart product-affinity recommendation engine could be more worthwhile than spending huge dollars against micro-segmenting the consumer base.
  • wo of the most successful product and retail companies, Apple and Amazon, are not masters of consumer segmentation but experts in building relevant products that consumers choose.
  • They are far more focused on building and communicating relevance relationships than in micro-segmenting consumers by any kind of attributes.
  • consumer segmentation and self-segmentation have now entered the stage of becoming equal forces in today's marketing discipline.
Coonoor Behal

Welfare Reform and the Work Support System | Brookings Institution - 0 views

www.brookings.edu/...welfare-sawhill

welfarereform work EITC policy 1996 povertyprograms worksupport

shared by Coonoor Behal on 09 Jan 13 - No Cached
  • Among other provisions, the 1996 reforms required work of almost every adult that joined the welfare rolls. In addition, with some exceptions, a limit of five years was placed on the receipt of cash welfare by individual families.
  • Beginning roughly in the mid-1970s with the enactment of the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC), the federal government originated or expanded a series of programs that provide benefits to working families. Unlike welfare benefits, which are intended primarily for the destitute, these work support benefits are designed to provide cash and other benefits to working adults and their families. In addition to the EITC, the major benefits in the system include the child tax credit, the minimum wage, state income supplement programs, food stamps, health insurance, and child care.
  • This evolution toward a work-based system of support progressed further as a result of state responses to the 1996 welfare law.
  • ...14 more annotations...
  • As a result, the typical one-parent family with children was far better off working than on welfare, and employment rates among this group increased dramatically, due to the strong economy of the 1990s, welfare reform, and the availability of these expanded work supports
  • The value of these new work support programs at both the federal and state level cannot be overemphasized. The EITC alone provides roughly $4,000 a year in extra benefits to a low-wage worker with two or more children, and the children remain eligible for Medicaid. The average woman leaving welfare earns about $7 an hour, or $13,000 in after-tax income. The combined value of food stamps and the EITC, then, brings her total income up to about $19,000—enough to boost a single parent family with three or fewer children above the federal poverty line
  • Polls show that the public is willing to do more for those who work.
  • Many of these policies respond to complaints that the 1996 welfare law placed too much emphasis on reducing caseloads and not enough on reducing poverty.
  • The work support system serves three primary goals. First, it provides incentives for work.
  • A second goal of the work support system is to help ensure that parents working at low-wage jobs have enough total income to provide an adequate standard of living.
  • The third goal of the work support system is to insure that those who lose their jobs or cannot find work will not be destitute.
  • The minimum wage is not very well-targeted. Only one quarter of minimum-wage earners live in poor families.
  • By 2000, the federal EITC was providing over $30 billion in cash supplements to working families, making it the biggest program other than Medicaid and Supplemental Security Income that provides benefits to low-income families. And unlike nearly every other program for low-income families, it provides benefits only to families that work. It is, in short, the quintessential work support program.
  • States have taken two major approaches to improving work incentives. First, since enactment of the 1996 reforms, nearly every state has allowed parents who find jobs to retain more of their welfare benefit. This policy enables many families to work and continue receiving earnings supplements from welfare.
  • under current federal rules, working families can exhaust their five-year limit on welfare while receiving just a small supplement to their earnings. For this reason, time limits may actually discourage work
  • A second approach states have followed is to create their own EITC programs.
  • nearly all the families leaving welfare are eligible for food stamps
  • less than half the families leaving welfare receive the food stamp benefits to which they are entitled.
Coonoor Behal

Stanford Center on Poverty and Inequality - Safety Net - 0 views

www.stanford.edu/...research_safety_net.html

stanford safetynetuse researchorg welfare

shared by Coonoor Behal on 15 Feb 13 - No Cached
  • Coonoor Behal on 15 Feb 13
     
    Center is TBD, unfortunately, but seems highly relevant.
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