Indirect elections are “in use between 1840 and 1872. Indirect elections enhanced the political power of the hacendados, because voting districts often coincided directly with the boundaries of haciendas. The first stage of an indirect election, when voters gathered to choose electors, occurred in the cantones, the administrative sub-units of a municipality. Cantones often were made up of nothing more than one or two haciendas, giving landowners a clear advantage to control the selection of electores. Above and beyond all other aspects of the electoral system, the oral vote [in use until 1950] insured the predominance of patron-client relations” (pages 65-66). Describes process for recording oral votes. “Throughout the nineteenth century, national politics followed to a great extent the rise and fall of alliances between departmental networks. For instance, in the mid 1840s San Vicente and San Miguel were allied against Sonsonate and San Salvador” (page 163).
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