The Communists do not form a separate party opposed to the other working-class parties.
They have no interests separate and apart from those of the proletariat as a whole.
They do not set up any sectarian principles of their own, by which to
shape and mould the proletarian movement.
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Communist Manifesto (Chapter 2) - 0 views
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1. In the national struggles of the proletarians of the different countries, they point out and bring to the front the common interests of the entire proletariat, independently of all nationality. 2. In the various stages of development which the struggle of the working class against the bourgeoisie has to pass through, they always and everywhere represent the interests of the movement as a whole.
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formation of the proletariat into a class, overthrow of the bourgeois supremacy, conquest of political power by the proletariat.
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The theoretical conclusions of the Communists are in no way based on ideas or principles that have been invented, or discovered, by this or that would-be universal reformer.
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but the abolition of bourgeois property.
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We Communists have been reproached with the desire of abolishing the right of personally acquiring property as the fruit of a man’s own labour, which property is alleged to be the groundwork of all personal freedom, activity and independence.
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, that quantum of the means of subsistence which is absolutely requisite to keep the labourer in bare existence as a labourer.
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allowed to live only in so far as the interest of the ruling class requires it.
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By freedom is meant, under the present bourgeois conditions of production, free trade, free selling and buying.
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It has been objected that upon the abolition of private property, all work will cease, and universal laziness will overtake us.
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bourgeois society ought long ago to have gone to the dogs through sheer idleness;
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Do you charge us with wanting to stop the exploitation of children by their parents? To this crime we plead guilty
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But, you say, we destroy the most hallowed of relations, when we replace home education by social. And your education! Is not that also social, and determined by the social conditions under which you educate, by the intervention direct or indirect, of society, by means of schools, &c.?
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Our bourgeois, not content with having wives and daughters of their proletarians at their disposal, not to speak of common prostitutes, take the greatest pleasure in seducing each other’s wives.
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to freedom of commerce, to the world market,
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In proportion as the exploitation of one individual by another will also be put an end to, the exploitation of one nation by another will also be put an end to. In proportion as the antagonism between classes within the nation vanishes, the hostility of one nation to another will come to an end.
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The charges against Communism made from a religious, a philosophical and, generally, from an ideological standpoint, are not deserving of serious examination.
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The ruling ideas of each age have ever been the ideas of its ruling class.
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traditional property relations
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to centralise all instruments of production in the hands of the State
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Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable.
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Communist Manifesto (Chapter 1) - 1 views
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holy alliance to exorcise
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All fixed, fast-frozen relations, with their train of ancient and venerable prejudices and opinions, are swept away, all new-formed ones become antiquated before they can ossify. All that is solid melts into air, all that is holy is profaned, and man is at last compelled to face with sober senses his real conditions of life, and his relations with his kind.
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It compels all nations, on pain of extinction,
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The bourgeoisie has subjected the country to the rule of the towns.
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Because there is too much civilisation, too much means of subsistence, too much industry, too much commerce.
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He becomes an appendage of the machine, and it is only the most simple, most monotonous, and most easily acquired knack, that is required of him.
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Not only are they slaves of the bourgeois class, and of the bourgeois State; they are daily and hourly enslaved by the machine, by the overlooker, and, above all, by the individual bourgeois manufacturer himself.
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All are instruments of labour, more or less expensive to use, according to their age and sex.
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At this stage, the labourers still form an incoherent mass scattered over the whole country, and broken up by their mutual competition.
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Thereupon, the workers begin to form combinations (Trades’ Unions) against the bourgeois; they club together in order to keep up the rate of wages; they found permanent associations in order to make provision beforehand for these occasional revolts. Here and there, the contest breaks out into riots.
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so now a portion of the bourgeoisie goes over to the proletariat,
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The proletarian is without property; his relation to his wife and children has no longer anything in common with the bourgeois family relations;
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The proletarian movement is the self-conscious, independent movement of the immense majority, in the interest of the immense majority.
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Its fall and the victory of the proletariat are equally inevitable
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By bourgeoisie is meant the class of modern capitalists, owners of the means of social production and employers of wage labour
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By proletariat, the class of modern wage labourers who, having no means of production of their own, are reduced to selling their labour power in order to live.
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immensely facilitated means of communication, draws all, even the most barbarian, nations into civilisation
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John Maynard Keynes: The Concise Encyclopedia of Economics | Library of Economics and L... - 0 views
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Contrary to some of his critics’ assertions, Keynes was a relatively strong advocate of free markets. It was Keynes, not adam smith, who said, “There is no objection to be raised against the classical analysis of the manner in which private self-interest will determine what in particular is produced, in what proportions the factors of production will be combined to produce it, and how the value of the final product will be distributed between them.”
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The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction (Walter Benjamin) - 0 views
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Cellphones - Third World and Developing Nations - Poverty - Technology - NYTimes.com - 0 views
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From an unseen distance, Chipchase used his phone to pilot me through the unfamiliar chaos, allowing us to have what he calls a “just in time” moment. “Just in time” is a manufacturing concept that was popularized by the Japanese carmaker Toyota when, beginning in the late 1930s, it radically revamped its production system, virtually eliminating warehouses stocked with big loads of car parts and instead encouraging its assembly plants to order parts directly from the factory only as they were needed. The process became less centralized, more incremental. Car parts were manufactured swiftly and in small batches, which helped to cut waste, improve efficiency and more easily correct manufacturing defects. As Toyota became, in essence, lighter on its feet, the company’s productivity rose, and so did its profits. There are a growing number of economists who maintain that cellphones can restructure developing countries in a similar way. Cellphones, after all, have an economizing effect. My “just in time” meeting with Chipchase required little in the way of advance planning and was more efficient than the oft-imperfect practice of designating a specific time and a place to rendezvous. He didn’t have to leave his work until he knew I was in the vicinity. Knowing that he wasn’t waiting for me, I didn’t fret about the extra 15 minutes my taxi driver sat blaring his horn in Accra’s unpredictable traffic. And now, on foot, if I moved in the wrong direction, it could be quickly corrected. Using mobile phones, we were able to coordinate incrementally. “Do you see the footbridge?” Chipchase was saying over the phone. “No? O.K., do you see the giant green sign that says ‘Believe in God’? Yes? I’m down to the left of that.”
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To get a sense of how rapidly cellphones are penetrating the global marketplace, you need only to look at the sales figures. According to statistics from the market database Wireless Intelligence, it took about 20 years for the first billion mobile phones to sell worldwide. The second billion sold in four years, and the third billion sold in two. Eighty percent of the world’s population now lives within range of a cellular network, which is double the level in 2000. And figures from the International Telecommunications Union show that by the end of 2006, 68 percent of the world’s mobile subscriptions were in developing countries. As more and more countries abandon government-run telecom systems, offering cellular network licenses to the highest-bidding private investors and without the burden of navigating pre-established bureaucratic chains, new towers are going up at a furious pace. Unlike fixed-line phone networks, which are expensive to build and maintain and require customers to have both a permanent address and the ability to pay a monthly bill, or personal computers, which are not just costly but demand literacy as well, the cellphone is more egalitarian, at least to a point.
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The Internet? We Built That - NYTimes.com - 1 views
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What sounds on the face of it like the most utopian of collectivist fantasies — millions of people sharing their ideas with no ownership claims — turns out to have made possible the communications infrastructure of our age.
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Peer networks laid the foundation for the scientific revolution during the Enlightenment, via the formal and informal societies and coffeehouse gatherings where new research was shared. The digital revolution has made it clear that peer networks can work wonders in the modern age.
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We have an endless supply of folklore about heroic entrepreneurs who changed the world with their vision and their force of will. But as a society we lack master narratives of creative collaboration.
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what the Internet and its descendants teach us is that there are now new models for doing things together, success stories that prove convincingly that you don’t need bureaucracies to facilitate public collaboration, and you don’t need the private sector to innovate
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Op-Ed Contributor - How the Internet Got Its Rules - NYTimes.com - 2 views
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We thought maybe we’d put together a few temporary, informal memos on network protocols, the rules by which computers exchange information
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Less important than the content of those first documents was that they were available free of charge and anyone could write one. Instead of authority-based decision-making, we relied on a process we called “rough consensus and running code.”
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the R.F.C.’s themselves took root and flourished. They became the formal method of publishing Internet protocol standards
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Our intent was only to encourage others to chime in, but I worried we might sound as though we were making official decisions or asserting authority.
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It probably helped that in those days we avoided patents and other restrictions; without any financial incentive to control the protocols, it was much easier to reach agreement.
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This was the ultimate in openness in technical design and that culture of open processes was essential in enabling the Internet to grow and evolve as spectacularly as it has
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we always tried to design each new protocol to be both useful in its own right and a building block available to others. We did not think of protocols as finished products, and we deliberately exposed the internal architecture to make it easy for others to gain a foothold.
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Where Do Ideas Come From? - Stepcase Lifehack - 3 views
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we get ideas from within ourselves and from without, or more to the point, from the interaction of the two.
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Modern History Sourcebook: Adam Smith: The Wealth of Nations, 1776 (Epitome) - 0 views
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This great increase of the quantity of work which, in consequence of the division of labor, the same number of people are capable of performing, is owing to three different circumstances; first, to the increase of dexterity in every particular workman; secondly, to the saving of the time which is commonly lost in passing from one species of work to another; and lastly, to the invention of a great number of machines which facilitate and abridge labor, and enable one man to do the work of many....
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Man has almost constant occasion for the help of his brethren, and it is in vain for him to expect it from their benevolence only. He will be more likely to prevail if he can interest their self-love in his favor, and show them that it is for their own advantage to do for him what he requires of them. Whoever offers to another a bargain of any kind, proposes to do this. Give me that which I want, and you shall have this which you want, is the meaning of every such offer; and it is in this manner that we obtain from one another the far greater art of those good offices which we stand in need of. It is not from the benevolence of the butcher, the brewer, or the baker that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own interest.
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In order to avoid the inconvenience of such situations, every prudent man in every period of society, after the first establishment of the division of labor, must naturally have endeavored to manage his affairs in such a manner as to have at all times by him, besides the peculiar produce of his own industry, a certain quantity of some one commodity or other, such as he imagined few people would be likely to refuse in exchange for their produce....It is in this manner that money has become in all civilized nations the universal instrument of commerce, by the intervention of which goods of all kinds are bought and sold, or exchanged for one another....
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partly by the general circumstances of the society,
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partly by the particular nature of each employment
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When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to pay the rent of the land, the wages of the labor, and the profits of the stock employed in raising, preparing, and bringing it to market, according to their natural rates, the commodity is then sold for what may be called its natural price.
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he market price of every particular commodity is regulated by the proportion between the quantity which is actually brought to market, and the demand of those who are willing to pay the natural price of the commodity, or the whole value of the rent, labor, and profit, which must be paid in order to bring it thither.
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A competition will immediately begin among them, and the market price will rise more or less above the natural price, according as either the greatness of the deficiency, or the wealth and wanton luxury of the competitors, happen to animate more or less the eagerness of the competition.
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quantity brought to market exceeds the effectual demand
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A monopoly granted either to an individual or to a trading company has the same effect as a secret in trade or manufactures.
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When by an increase in the effectual demand, the market price of some particular commodity happens to rise a good deal above the natural price, those who employ their stocks in supplying that market are generally careful to conceal this change
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The exclusive privileges of corporations, statutes of apprenticeship, and all those laws which restrain, in particular employments, the competition to a smaller number than might otherwise go into them, have the same tendency, though in a less degree. They are a sort of enlarged monopolies,
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THE produce of labor constitutes the natural recompense or wages of labor.
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Such combinations, however, are frequently resisted by a contrary defensive combination of the workmen; who sometimes too, without any provocation of this kind, combine of their own accord to raise the price of their labor.....
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Masters, too, sometimes enter into particular combinations to sink the wages of labor even below this rate
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The demand for those who live by wages, therefore, necessarily increases with the increase of the revenue and stock of every country, and cannot possibly increase without it. The increase of revenue and stock is the increase of national wealth....
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It is but equity, besides, that they who feed, clothe, and lodge the whole body of the people, should have such a share of the produce of their own labor as to be themselves tolerably well fed, clothed, and lodged
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First, by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than would otherwise be disposed to enter into them; Second, by increasing it in others beyond what it naturally would be; and, Third, by obstructing the free circulation of labor and stock, both from employment to employment and from place to place.
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by restraining the competition in some employments to a smaller number than might otherwise be disposed to enter into them
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and to hinder him from employing this strength and dexterity in what manner he thinks proper without injury to his neighbor is a plain violation of this most sacred property.
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An exclusive corporation necessarily weakens the force of this discipline.
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by increasing the competition in some employments beyond what it naturally would be
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by obstructing the free circulation of labor and stock both from employment to employment, and from place to place,
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How The World Spends Its Time Online | - 3 views
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I love the graphics on this page. I think I gained a substantial amount of info in bout 2 minutes by just glancing through.
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to me it's too much. we are spending our lives online in a world that can be valuable, but most of the time is not. it is so hard to balance time online with time doing other productive things. So much of our lives requires us to be on the computer, ugh.
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I'm as interested by the host site for this graphic (visualeconomics.com) as I am the information it reveals about how we spend time online.
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So, this begs the question... are we spending too much time on the Internet, too little? Or are we using our time online poorly or wisely? (We - personally, nationally, globally).
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Communist Manifesto (Chapter 3) - 0 views
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disastrous effects of machinery and division of labour
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It proclaimed the German nation to be the model nation
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The Socialistic bourgeois want all the advantages of modern social conditions without the struggles and dangers necessarily resulting therefrom. They desire the existing state of society, minus its revolutionary and disintegrating elements. They wish for a bourgeoisie without a proletariat.
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the concentration of capital and land in a few hands; overproduction and crises; it pointed out the inevitable ruin of the petty bourgeois and peasant, the misery of the proletariat, the anarchy in production, the crying inequalities in the distribution of wealth, the industrial war of extermination between nations, the dissolution of old moral bonds, of the old family relations, of the old nationalities.
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Consumer How To - Swipe Auctions Saving Consumers Up To 95% Off Retail Prices - 0 views
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Each bid placed on SwipeAuctions costs users $0.60. By collecting $0.60 for each bid placed, SwipeAuctions is able to afford giving away products on the cheap such as Macbooks for $23.72 or Nikon Digital Cameras for $57.42.
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There is no longer a need to spend several hours online looking to see where the best deal is. The answer is simple. It's on SwipeAuctions! Whereas scouring the internet for to save an extra 5% works for some people, why waste your time when you could save 75%! SwipeAuctions is so much more than economical.
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Overview - The Babbage Engine | Computer History Museum - 0 views
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Babbage embarked on an ambitious venture to design and build mechanical calculating engines to eliminate the risk of human error in the production of printed tables. The 'unerring certainty of machinery' would solve the problem of human fallibility. His work on the engines led him from mechanized arithmetic to the entirely new realm of automatic computation. Tabular errors provided a practical stimulus. But this was not his only motive. He also saw his engines as a new technology of mathematics.
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It was not only the grindingly tedious labor of verifying a sea of figures that exasperated Babbage, but their daunting unreliability. Engineering, astronomy, construction, finance, banking and insurance depended on printed tables for calculation. Ships navigating by the stars relied on printed tables to find their position at sea. The stakes were high. Capital and life were thought to be at risk.
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The Aeron Chair - 0 views
Steve Jobs won't budge on Flash for Mac products - 1 views
Gross National Product - 1 views
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History Magazine - The Impact of Refrigeration - 0 views
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Refrigeration brought distant production centers and the North American population together. It tore down the barriers of climates and seasons. And while it helped to rev up industrial processes, it became an industry itself.
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Ice was harvested and stored in China before the first millennium. Hebrews, Greeks, and Romans placed large amounts of snow into storage pits and covered this cooling agent with insulating material.
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For centuries, people preserved and stored their food — especially milk and butter — in cellars, outdoor window boxes or even underwater in nearby lakes, streams or wells.