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"Abstract The Phanerozoic fossil record of marine animal diversity covaries with the amount of marine sedimentary rock. The extent to which this covariation reflects a geologically controlled sampling bias remains unknown. We show that Phanerozoic records of seawater chemistry and continental flooding contain information on the diversity of marine animals that is independent of sedimentary rock quantity and sampling. Interrelationships among variables suggest long-term interactions among continental flooding, sulfur and carbon cycling, and macroevolution. Thus, mutual responses to interacting Earth systems, not sampling biases, explain much of the observed covariation between Phanerozoic patterns of sedimentation and fossil biodiversity. Linkages between biodiversity and environmental records likely reflect complex biotic responses to changing ocean redox conditions and long-term sea-level fluctuations driven by plate tectonics. "

Discovering what happens to the huge amounts of carbon - an estimated 2 megatons a year off the Oregon coast alone - is critical to understanding the interface between the atmosphere and the open ocean that influences marine dead zones, atmospheric pollution and ultimately climate change.

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Hydronium/Hydroxide Balance When an acid dissolves in water, additional H3O+ is formed, increasing the concentration of H3O+. For example, the concentration of H3O+ might be increased from 10-7 M up to 10-5 M. That is 100 times more concentrated. Note that the pH, the number behind the negative sign in the exponent, changes from 7 to 5. This is why acidic solutions have pH values lower than 7.

How to Make Red Cabbage pH Indicator By Anne Marie Helmenstine, Ph.D., About.com Guide "Red cabbage juice can be used to test the pH of common household chemicals." Make your own pH indicator solution! Red cabbage juice contains a natural pH indicator that changes colors according to the acidity of the solution. Red cabbage juice indicator is easy to make, exhibits a wide range of colors, and can be used to make your own pH paper strips (watch the video).

OCEANSP@CE, Issue 127, Monday, April 4, 1999