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Jukka Peltokoski

Connecting the Dots 8: The Commons as the Response to the Structural Crises of the Glob... - 0 views

blog.p2pfoundation.net/...27

Michel Bauwens p2p commons talousteoria jukkap2p avoin ja vapaa tieto vasemmisto

shared by Jukka Peltokoski on 14 Oct 16 - No Cached
  • In our contribution, we want to stress the key importance of what we call a “value regime,” or simply put, the rules that determine what society and the economy consider to be of value. We must first look at the underlying modes of production — i.e. how value is created and distributed — and then construct solutions must that help create these changes in societal values. The emerging answer for a new mode of value creation is the re-emergence of the Commons.
  • In our view, the dominant political economy has three fatal flaws.
  • Pseudo-Abundance
  • ...22 more annotations...
  • We could call this pseudo-abundance,
  • continuous capital accumulation
  • overuse and depletion of natural resources
  • Scarcity Engineering
  • Scarcity engineering is what we call this continuous attempt to undo natural abundance where it occurs.
  • “Intellectual property”
  • the ability of this privatized knowledge to create profits
  • A good recent example of this “patent lag” effect is the extraordinary growth of 3D printing, once the technology lost its patents.
  • Perpetually Increasing Social Injustice
  • more and more wealth into fewer hands through compound interest, rent seeking, purchasing legislation, etc.
  • To what degree does the Commons and peer-to-peer production function as a potential solution for these three interrelated structural crises of capitalism?
  • Digital networks (such as the internet) have recently enabled a new type of Commons where the knowledge required for human action and value creation has been mutualized. This has led to global open design communities, which jointly create open knowledge pools (e.g. Wikipedia), free software (e.g. the Linux Operating System) or open designs to enable physical production
  • Commons-based peer production emerges when technology enables the creation of open, contributory systems that create Commons.
  • The global open design communities engaging in peer production and mutualization of productive knowledge have no such perverse incentives. These communities design to ensure participation and are “naturally” inclined to design sustainable products and services.
  • The privatization and patenting of knowledge and technical solutions hampers the widespread distribution of necessary innovations. No such impediments exist in the open contributory systems of peer production communities, where innovation anywhere in the network is instantly available to the whole.
  • Peer production, independent of the profit motive, invites and facilitates the creation of solidarity-based forms of economic entities. Being generative towards human communities, these entities are more likely based on socially just forms of value sharing.
  • The Revolution Is Already Happening
  • responses take three forms:1. The sustainability and ecological/environmental movements, attempting to find solutions for the planet’s survival;2. The “Open,” “Commons” and “Sharing” movements, stressing the need for shareable knowledge and mutualized physical resources;3. The cooperative and solidarity economy, focusing on fairness.
  • The good news is that Commons-based peer production is the best way to bring these three necessary aspects together into one coherent system. However, for this to happen, the various movements need enabling tools and capacities. An example is the open source circular economy
  • Similarly, open and platform cooperativism — the convergence of socially just forms of production with shareable knowledge — allows all contributing citizens to create fair, generative livelihoods around the shared resources they need and co-create.
  • We’ve seen post-capitalist practices emerging since the late 20th century — for example, the 1983 invention of the universally available browser. Citizens have been empowered to create value through open contributory systems; these create universally available knowledge, which in turn can be used for material production.
  • emerging globally
Jukka Peltokoski

The Tragedy of the Anticommons | The Wealth of the Commons - 0 views

wealthofthecommons.org/...tragedy-anticommons

commons cooperative anticommons thewealthofhecommons

shared by Jukka Peltokoski on 22 Mar 14 - No Cached
  • Let’s start with something familiar: a commons.
  • commons
  • commons
  • ...30 more annotations...
  • wasteful overuse is a tragedy of the unmanaged commons
  • creating private property
  • If cooperation fails, nobody can use the resource.
  • Each one can block the others’ use
  • a hidden tragedy of the anti­commons.
  • a brief overview of the anticommons lexicon
  • three basic types: private, commons, and state property
  • private property
  • private property is about an individual decision maker who directs resource use.
  • Commons property refers to shared resources, resources for which there is no single decision maker.
  • open access
  • open access
  • group access
  • State propert
  • process that is, in principle, responsive to the needs of the public
  • Privatizing a commons may cure the tragedy of wasteful overuse, but it may inadvertently spark the opposite.
  • too many people can block each other from creating or using a valuable resource. Rightly understood, the opposite of overuse in a commons is underuse in an anticommons.
  • clear rights and ordinary markets are not enough
  • Wasteful underuse can arise when ownership rights and regulatory controls are too fragmented.
  • The anticommons parallel to open access is full exclusion in which an unlimited number of people may block each other.
  • With full exclusion, states must expropriate fragmented rights or create hybrid property regimes so people can bundle their ownership
  • differs from open access: an anticommons is often invisible
  • group exclusion in which a limited number of owners can block each other. For both group access and group exclusion, the full array of market-based, cooperative, and regulatory solutions is available.
  • For group exclusion resources, the regulatory focus should be support for markets to assemble ownership and removal of roadblocks to cooperation.
  • Much of the modern economy – corporations, partnerships, trusts, condominiums, even marriages – can be understood as legally structured group property forms for resolving access and exclusion dilemmas
  • drug patents
  • “if commons leads to ‘tragedy,’ anticommons may well lead to ‘disaster’”
  • underuse caused by multiple owners is unfamiliar
  • we need to name the phenomenon: the tragedy of the anticommons should join our lexicon.
  • Heller, M. 1998. “The Tragedy of the Anticommons: Property in the Transition from Marx to Markets.” Harvard Law Review. 111:621.
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