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The abdomen is an anatomical part that is bounded by the lower margin of the ribs above, the pelvic bone below, and the flanks on each side. Abdominal pain is caused by inflammation by stretching or distention of an organ or by loss of the supply of blood to an organ.

Pleural Mesothelioma

Autophagy refers to the process by which non-essential or dysfunctional cellular components are degraded by lysosomes into essential nutrients, such as amino acids, lipids, and sugars. Autophagy serves not only as a specialized mechanism for cells to adapt to extreme environments but also as a crucial regulatory mechanism for normal cellular activities. Abnormal autophagy often plays a significant role in cell damage and aging. Currently, autophagy is known to be involved in various vital biological processes including tumor development, aging, inflammation, immune response, cardio-cerebral vascular diseases, oxidative stress, neurodegenerative diseases, metabolism, and development.

A knee injection in stem cell therapy involves administering stem cells directly into the knee joint to help repair and regenerate damaged tissue. This treatment aims to reduce inflammation, alleviate pain, improve joint function, and promote natural healing. The procedure is minimally invasive and can potentially delay or avoid the need for more invasive surgeries like knee replacement.