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A preeminent non-profit professional association of pediatric neurologists in the United States, Canada, and worldwide devoted to fostering the discipline of child neurology and promoting the optimal care and welfare of children with neurological and neurodevelopmental disorders. These disorders include epilepsy, cerebral palsy, mental retardation, learning disabilities, complex metabolic diseases, nerve and muscle diseases and a host of other highly challenging conditions

Spasticity Information at WE Move, wemove.org. Spasticity Introduction - Overview of Muscles - Overview of Spasticity - Epidemiology - Measuring Spasticity - Management - Discussion Forum

Pediatric Movement Disorders - Anatomy and Physiology at Movement Disorder Virtual University

Spastic Hypertonia at UAB Traumatic Brain Injury Model System - TBI Inform - Spastic Hypertonia following Traumatic Brain Injury - Definition - Description - Understanding Muscle Tone - Treatment Options and Information

PubMed Abstract of study is to verify whether neurophysiological and communicative-relational aspects in hypotonic subjects can be recovered by psychomotor therapy.

Hypotonia Overview at University of Maryland - Definition of Hypotonia - Considerations - Common Causes

Diagnostic approach to the Hypotonic infant at Miami Children's Brain Institute - Manifestations of Hypotonia in an infant - Diagnostic approach

Information on completed study sponsored by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) to determine the effects of high frequency, low magnitude vibration on bone and muscle in children with cerebral palsy

Study being conducted to identify specific motor signatures of different forms of dystonia. Study will examine abnormal co-activation in distal and proximal muscles to evaluate the characteristics of the loss of selectivity of the motor command in mobile vs. fixed dystonia. We will also study possible cognitive and limbic components of the disease, examining the influence of cognitive and emotional loads on movement production.

FES is a form of treatment with a device to aid movement in people who have had damage to their brain or spinal cord. Small electrical impulses are used to excite and stimulate the nerves that supply paralyzed muscles. This research will look at any additional benefit that may occur when Botox injections are combined with specific occupational therapy exercises and with a device that uses functional electrical stimulation (FES) to help improve muscle function

This research is designed to look at any additional benefit that may occur when Botox injections are combined with specific occupational therapy exercises and with a device that uses functional electrical stimulation (FES) to help improve muscle function after stroke.

Reprint from ARCHIVES OF PHYSICAL MEDICINE AND REHABILITATION, Vol. 70. January 1989 - Spasticity: Quantitative Measurements as a Basis for Assessing Effectiveness of Therapeutic Intervention

Completed study examined tongue strength and endurance, how the tongue applies pressure during swallowing, and how the chin muscles react during swallowing in healthy volunteers and in patients with dysphagia (difficulty swallowing). The information from this study may be helpful in developing better treatments for people with swallowing problems

Study will provide information about changes that occur in the motor neurons of the spinal cord (the nerve cells that control the muscles) when the motor cortex (the region of the brain that controls movement) is unable to send messages to the spinal cord and muscles in the normal way. This information will help elucidate how the nervous system adapts after injury or disease of the motor cortex.

Dr. Michelle Kuperminc of the University of Virginia is conducting a clinical study to determine what the best way is to measure Body Composition in children with Cerebral Palsy. Body composition is the amount of muscle, bone and fat in your body. There are several different ways we can measure body composition and would like to know which one is best for children with CP.

Idiopathic juvenile thoracic scoliosis is a tridimensional deformation of the spine which may impact on the intrathoracic organs. Bracing is one of the oldest treatments of spinal deformities. It relies on the indirect manipulation of spinal curvatures in order to prevent curve progression, which may affect respiratory function.The acoustic reflection method is based on the analysis of the reflection of a single transient planar wave giving the longitudinal cross-sectional area profile of the examined cavity. It is noninvasive and harmless.The EOS™ device allows a double incidence, full body, and low-dose X-ray acquisition with thoracic 3D reconstruction.The aim of the study is to evaluate the impact of bracing on the upper airways patency (by means of the acoustic method), on the breathing pattern (noninvasive respiratory muscles assessment), and on the thoracic penetration index (by means of the EOS™)

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke NINDS study will use high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to look for subtle differences in brain anatomy between patients with focal hand dystonia (also called writer's cramp) and healthy normal volunteers. Patients with hand dystonia have prolonged muscle contractions that cause sustained twisting movements and abnormal postures. These abnormal movements often occur with activities such as writing, typing, playing certain musical instruments such as guitar or piano, or playing golf or darts.

Hong Kong study to examine the effect of heat and duration of stretching on the extensibility of hamstring muscles and their electromyographic responses to passive stretch in children with hypertonia and severe mental retardation.

PubMed Abstract of study conducted to determine what biomechanic characteristics of knee joint motion and walking show potential to quantitatively differentiate spasticity and dystonia in Cerebral Palsy (CP).

Journal of the American Medical Assocation JAMA Abstract regarding Intrathecal Baclofen for Spasticity in Cerebral Palsy