Group items tagged

Assume that there were salamanders living in some grasslands. Suppose, Lamarck argued, that these salamanders had a hard time walking because their short legs couldn't trample the tall grasses or reach the ground. Suppose that these salamanders began to slither on their bellies to move from place to place. Because they didn't use their legs, the leg muscles wasted away from disuse and the legs thus became small.

passed this acquired trait

legless salamanders evolved

no legs.

by inheriting the acquired characteristic of

Darwin's Background

o have extraordinary talents.

genius, did not at first appear

Darwin disliked school

d observing birds and collecting insects to study.

sent to medical school in Scotland

"intolerably dull

interested in attending natural history lectures.

university at Cambridge, England, in 1827.

Darwin be chosen for the position of naturalist on the ship the HMS Beagle.

to collect specimens, make observations, and keep careful records of anything he observed that he thought significant.

Principles of Geology by Charles Lyell,

In the Andes he observed fossil shells of marine organisms in rock beds at about 4,300 m.

One reason that Darwin was so eager to study life on land was that he suffered from terrible seasickness and couldn't wait to get off the Beagle.

thousands

trekked hundreds of miles through unmapped region.

catalog his specimens and write his notes.

praised by the scientific community.

experts for study.

bird specialist

Darwin's bird collections from the Galapagos Islands, located about 1,000 km west of South America.

13 similar

Other experts

believe that species change over time.

evidence f

In 1837 Darwin began his first notebook on evolution. For several years Darwin filled his notebooks with facts that could be used to support the theory of evolution.

fossils of similar relative ages are more closely related than those of widely different relative ages.

He ran his own breeding experiments and also did experiments on seed dispersal.

socio-cultural

two levels

New Media« are media based technically on digitalisation, miniaturisation, data compression, networking and convergence.

current media development

(PCs with multimedia capability, Internet, mobile radio

different levels of Internet use

cultural content

groups and humanity as a whole

Changes in readership and reading behaviour

dramatic changes in reading strategies

reading motivation

example

social sciences

almost general expansion of the concept of culture

a renewed interest in the culture of the individual

between cultural and media development

This makes cross-border movements, interculturalism and hybridisation more important for cultural theory; media development, transnational cultural relationships, intercultural exchange and migration become even more important topics for research.

recent debates

finally the increase in the importance for the understanding of culture of new (or what are perceived as new) cultural communities, groups and contexts.

the current status of the concept of culture in science and politics is not a fashionable phenomenon, but rather »evidence of a significant social development«, a »development from the domination of things to a domination of knowledge«

In dealing with the interactions between the change in concepts of culture and recent media development, the mutually impacting trends of individualisation and cultural globalisation become issues leading to further depths. Both issues are extremely important for the current debate on media development.

individualisation« or »personalisation

media services with a customised nature

economic globalisation

cultural globalisation

show on the one hand that the development of the New Media has aroused (often vague-seeming) fears and hopes, while euphoria over technology and pessimism over culture are relatively evenly divided between the political and social trends. Conversely, there is also the tendency in these debates to pursue older scientific arguments and view the development of the New Media in the context of specific media-historical, social-theoretical or philosophical considerations.

The current crisis in traditional concepts of culture is apparently closely connected with the recent development in the media, as the New Media change the cultural significance of physical proximity and separation

Archeology: The study and interpretation of ancient humans, their history and culture, through examination of the artifacts and remains they left behind

Cultural Anthropology:(also: sociocultural anthropology, social anthropology, or ethnology) studies the different cultures of humans and how those cultures are shaped or shape the world around them

Biological Anthropology

using genetics, evolution, human ancestry, primates, and the ability to adapt.

Linguistic Anthropology: examines human languages

pplied anthropology is simply the practice of applying anthropological theory and or methods from any of the fields of Anthropology to solve human problems

Culture is:

Learned

Patterned

•Shared

•Adaptive

Symbolic

At its most basic level, the difference between Culture and culture is in the way they are defined. C

lture with a capital C refers to the ability of the human species to absorb and imitate patterned and symbolic ideas that ultimately further their survival

Familial culture

Every family is different, and every family has its own culture

icro or Subculture

distinct groups within a larger group that share some sort of common trait, activity or language that ties them together and or differentiates them from the larger group

clique

Mexican-Americans

micro-culture would be the Japanese hip hop

Cultural universals

Claude Levi-Strauss

gender roles, the incest taboo, religious and healing ritual, mythology, marriage, language, art, dance, music, cooking, games, jokes, sports, birth and death

tual ceremonies

f cultural relativism deny the existence or reduce the importance of cultural universals

Language and cognition

Society

Myth, Ritual, and aesthetics

Technology

This problem of right and wrong in terms of crossing cultural lines is a big one.

intrinsic cultural distinctions that are meaningful to the members of a given society, often considered to be an 'insider’s' perspective.

reate bias o

Enculturation

This process is the way in which we obtain and transmit culture.

In the !Kung Bushman tribe they look down upon people who think highly of themselves and who are arrogant. To avoid these characteristics, each child was raised to put down and mock others when they do things such as hunting and other activities.

Cultural Transmission

Symbols and Culture

Symbols are the basis of culture. A symbol is an object, word, or action that stands for something else with no natural relationship that is culturally defined

Ethnocentrism

Cultural Relativism

Ethnography

Deconstructing Race and Racism

Race was created long ago as a tool to separate humans

Deconstructing the social concept of race has been a major interest of Cultural Anthropology at least since Franz Boas's work on race and immigration in the early 1900's.

Race is not biological but it's supposed to be a way to classify biological differences by grouping people according to different characteristics that they have

There is no biological part of race. It is strictly a concept created by humans to try to better understand differences between us

Technology

Blacks and whites experience myriad pressures that keep them separate, a fact that becomes clear when you attempt to straddle the race line, talk to people who have, or simply read the newspaper.

The aversion to whites is so strong that, even in schools where few are present, black students who excel academically are ridiculed for "acting white." This is a serious problem.

black cliques erect insuperable cultural barrier of tastes and behavior that are unintelligible to whites

blacks excommunicated for "acting white," whites who adopt black culture are likely to face resistance at home and in their former cultural community. They're labeled "wannabes" and "wiggers."

makes developing deep friendships hard

still a hard core of people who are very resistant

doing invasive experiments on animals

made a difference with the way the world views chimpanzees

Has it made a difference in the way scientists view them

It's much better to cling to the old ideas that animals are just little machines and they have stimulus and response

It's a communication

sophisticated brains

haven't during evolution developed a sophisticated spoken language

not capable of planning the distant future

can't

discuss an idea

communication is very immediate

Mike learned to use empty kerosene cans because he was very low ranking

He accidentally hit an empty 4-gallon kerosene can and noticed that other chimps ran away

Within 4 months, he'd risen to the top

never saw him fight

Only Mike capitalized on that and developed the technique and won.

Neanderthals, like modern humans, are thought to have arisen on the continent.

Though no fossil evidence has been found for Neanderthals and modern humans coexisting in Africa,

interbreeding occurred just after our species had left Africa

Neanderthals, the study team says, probably mixed with early Homo sapiens just after they'd left Africa but before Homo sapiens split into different ethnic groups and scattered around the globe.

60,000 years ago

comparative psychology,

animal intelligence

mostly concerns mammals, especially primates, cetaceans, and elephants, as well as dogs, cats, and rodents.

and fish,

began in the late 1950s

John Lilly

other animals do have minds and that humans should approach the study of their cognition accordingly.

bottlenosed dolphins

particularly monkeys

Spatial cognition

The ability to properly navigate and search through the environment is a critical task for many animals.

Research in 2007 shows that chimpanzees in the Fongoli savannah sharpen sticks to use as spears when hunting, considered the first evidence of systematic use of weapons in a species other than humans.

Language

The modeling of human language in animals is known as animal language research.

Consciousness

The sense in which animals can be said to have consciousness or a self-concept has been hotly debated; it is often referred to as the debate over animal minds.

It has been suggested that metacognition in some animals provides some evidence for cognitive self-awareness.[11] The great apes, dolphins, and rhesus monkeys have demonstrated the ability to monitor their own mental states and use an "I don't know" response to avoid answering difficult questions. These species might also be aware of the strength of their memories.

This page was last modified on 26 November 2011 at 11:42.