An MIT team led by Institute Professor Ann Graybiel has found groups of neurons in the primate brain that code time with extreme precision.
Contents contributed and discussions participated by Matvey Ezhov
PLoS Computational Biology: Qualia: The Geometry of Integrated Information - 1 views
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According to the integrated information theory, the quantity of consciousness is the amount of integrated information generated by a complex of elements, and the quality of experience is specified by the informational relationships it generates. This paper outlines a framework for characterizing the informational relationships generated by such systems. Qualia space (Q) is a space having an axis for each possible state (activity pattern) of a complex. Within Q, each submechanism specifies a point corresponding to a repertoire of system states. Arrows between repertoires in Q define informational relationships. Together, these arrows specify a quale-a shape that completely and univocally characterizes the quality of a conscious experience. Φ- the height of this shape-is the quantity of consciousness associated with the experience. Entanglement measures how irreducible informational relationships are to their component relationships, specifying concepts and modes. Several corollaries follow from these premises. The quale is determined by both the mechanism and state of the system. Thus, two different systems having identical activity patterns may generate different qualia. Conversely, the same quale may be generated by two systems that differ in both activity and connectivity. Both active and inactive elements specify a quale, but elements that are inactivated do not. Also, the activation of an element affects experience by changing the shape of the quale. The subdivision of experience into modalities and submodalities corresponds to subshapes in Q. In principle, different aspects of experience may be classified as different shapes in Q, and the similarity between experiences reduces to similarities between shapes. Finally, specific qualities, such as the "redness" of red, while generated by a local mechanism, cannot be reduced to it, but require considering the entire quale. Ultimately, the present framework may offer a principled way for translating quali
Time-keeping Brain Neurons Discovered - 3 views
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The neurons are located in the prefrontal cortex and the striatum, both of which play important roles in learning, movement and thought control.
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The research team trained two macaque monkeys to perform a simple eye-movement task. After receiving the "go" signal, the monkeys were free to perform the task at their own speed. The researchers found neurons that consistently fired at specific times -- 100 milliseconds, 110 milliseconds, 150 milliseconds and so on -- after the "go" signal.
Can We 'Learn To See?': Study Shows Perception Of Invisible Stimuli Improves With Training - 0 views
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A Harvard Medical School study last year found that one blindsight patient could maneuver down a hallway filled with obstacles, even though the subject could not actually see. Schwiedrzik said the new research may help blindsight patients gain conscious awareness of what their minds can see, and he suggested that new research should address whether the brains in blindsight patients and people with normal vision process the information the same way.
Nanowire Biocompatibility In The Brain: So Far So Good - 0 views
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One advantage of nanoscale electrodes is that they can register and stimulate the tiniest components of the brain.
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Researchers at Lund University in Sweden have managed for the first time to carry out successful experiments involving the injection of so-called 'nanowires.'
MEMBRANA | Пересмотрена роль речевого центра в мозге - 0 views
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Зона Брока оказалась гораздо более функциональной, чем предполагали учёные. Она ответственна за выполнение многих шагов, от чтения до произнесения слов. Ранее же считалось, что она участвует исключительно в речевой функции, а за восприятие слов отвечает другая область, известная как зона Вернике (Wernicke area).
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При этом выяснилось, что различные свои функции данная зона активирует не одновременно, а последовательно. К примеру, она распознаёт слово за 200 миллисекунд после того, как глаз видит его. Ещё 120 мсек нужны, чтобы мысленно изменить время глагола или число существительного. Через 450 мсек мозг может проартикулировать впервые увиденное слово про себя.
MEMBRANA | Найден молекулярный механизм запоминания во сне - 2 views
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И вот что интересно: в первых опытах часть животных изучали сразу после визуального стимула, а часть — после того как они провели некоторое время во сне. Реорганизация зрительной коры наблюдалась только у тех животных, которым дали поспать.
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Ответом явилась молекула-рецептор N-метил-D-аспартат (NMDAR). Она "следит" за изменениями в межклеточной коммуникации во время бодрствования и включает цепь новых биохимических сигналов во сне.
Recursive Self-Improvement - The Transhumanist Wiki - 2 views
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True Artificial Intelligence would bypass problems of biological complexity and ethics, growing up on a substrate ideal for initiating Recursive Self-Improvement. (fully reprogrammable, ultrafast, the AI's "natural habitat".) This Artificial Intelligence would be based upon: 1) our current understanding of the central algorithms of intelligence, 2) our current knowledge of the brain, obtained through high-resolution fMRI and delicate Cognitive Science experiments, and 3) the kind of computing hardware available to AI designers.
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Humans cannot conduct any of these enhancements to ourselves; the inherent structure of our biology and the limited level of our current technology makes this impossible.
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Recursive Self-Improvement is the ability of a mind to genuinely improve its own intelligence. This might be accomplished through a variety of means; speeding up one's own hardware, redesigning one's own cognitive architecture for optimal intelligence, adding new components into one's own hardware, custom-designing specialized modules for recurrent tasks, and so on.
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Изменчивый мозг : Троицкий вариант - Наука - 1 views
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Измерения ТМС показали: в результате упражнений моторная зона пальцев тренируемой руки стремительно росла. Уже к концу первой недели она увеличилась в разы (рис. А).
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По-видимому, главной составляющей расширения моторных зон у основной группы служила фокусировка на задаче и сознательный контроль движений.
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Моторные области людей, выполнявших упражнения в уме, походили по размеру на соответствующие участки тех, кто по-настоящему занимался на клавиатуре (рис. С). Мысленная тренировка привела к реальной натренированности — к изменению нейрофизиологических свойств ткани мозга.
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PLoS Biology: Towards a Mathematical Theory of Cortical Micro-circuits (about Hawkins' ... - 1 views
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The theoretical setting of hierarchical Bayesian inference is gaining acceptance as a framework for understanding cortical computation.
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Statement needs checking
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Friston recently expanded on this to suggest an inversion method for hierarchical Bayesian dynamic models and to point out that the brain, in principle, has the infrastructure needed to invert hierarchical dynamic models [6].
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In a recent review, Hegde and Felleman pointed out that the “Bayesian framework is not yet a neural model. [The Bayesian] framework currently helps explain the computations that underlie various brain functions, but not how the brain implements these computations” [2]. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap by deriving a computational model for cortical circuits based on the mathematics of Bayesian belief propagation in the context of a particular Bayesian framework called Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM).
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Genetics Of Patterning The Cerebral Cortex: How Stem Cells Yield Functional Regions In ... - 0 views
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Their discovery reveals a critical period during which a LIM homeodomain transcription factor known as Lhx2 decides over the progenitors' regional destiny: Once the window of opportunity closes, their fate is sealed.
New Light On Nature Of Broca's Area: Rare Procedure Documents How Human Brain Computes ... - 0 views
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Our task involved both reading and speaking, and we found that aspects of word identity, grammar and pronunciation are all computed within Broca's area.
Квалиа - Википедия - 1 views
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Важная тема.
Biological Basis of HTMs - Numenta.com - 3 views
Мозг революции | Наука и техника | Наука и технологии России - 1 views
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Ещё в 1998 году, до появления американского отчёта, Михаил Ковальчук предложил собственную идеологию объединения тех же четырёх областей знания.
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«Крупнейшие нейробиологи мира прогнозируют, что через несколько лет таблетки для стимуляции памяти могут оказаться такими же привычными для здоровых людей, как витамины», — отметил Константин Анохин.
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Проект компании IBM позиционируется как разработка принципиально новой компьютерной архитектуры, которая через год-два будет сопоставима по своим возможностям с интеллектом крысы.
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Лаборатория ИИ - 1 views
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Наша вики - рабочее пространство для агрегации всей найденной информации по ИИ
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Matvey Ezhov