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True Artificial Intelligence would bypass problems of biological complexity and ethics, growing up on a substrate ideal for initiating Recursive Self-Improvement. (fully reprogrammable, ultrafast, the AI's "natural habitat".) This Artificial Intelligence would be based upon: 1) our current understanding of the central algorithms of intelligence, 2) our current knowledge of the brain, obtained through high-resolution fMRI and delicate Cognitive Science experiments, and 3) the kind of computing hardware available to AI designers.

Humans cannot conduct any of these enhancements to ourselves; the inherent structure of our biology and the limited level of our current technology makes this impossible.

Recursive Self-Improvement is the ability of a mind to genuinely improve its own intelligence. This might be accomplished through a variety of means; speeding up one's own hardware, redesigning one's own cognitive architecture for optimal intelligence, adding new components into one's own hardware, custom-designing specialized modules for recurrent tasks, and so on.

Miller and Cohen propose an Integrative Theory of Prefrontal Cortex Function. The two theorize that “cognitive control stems from the active maintenance of patterns of activity in the prefrontal cortex that represents goals and means to achieve them. They provide bias signals to other brain structures whose net effect is to guide the flow of activity along neural pathways that establish the proper mappings between inputs, internal states, and outputs needed to perform a given task” (Miller & Cohen, 2001). Essentially the two theorize that the prefrontal cortex guides the inputs and connections which allows for cognitive control of our actions.

"No, no, it's not a cat brain. A cat-SCALE simulation."

Зона Брока оказалась гораздо более функциональной, чем предполагали учёные. Она ответственна за выполнение многих шагов, от чтения до произнесения слов. Ранее же считалось, что она участвует исключительно в речевой функции, а за восприятие слов отвечает другая область, известная как зона Вернике (Wernicke area).

При этом выяснилось, что различные свои функции данная зона активирует не одновременно, а последовательно. К примеру, она распознаёт слово за 200 миллисекунд после того, как глаз видит его. Ещё 120 мсек нужны, чтобы мысленно изменить время глагола или число существительного. Через 450 мсек мозг может проартикулировать впервые увиденное слово про себя.

On the other hand, Shane observes that people who are working on the program of Friendly AI do not expect to have made significant progress in the same timescale: By the early 2020’s, there will be no practical theory of Friendly AI.