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Objective: Evaluate the effect of changes in the water disinfection process, and presence of lead service lines (LSLs), on children's blood lead levels (BLLs) in Washington, DC. Methods: Three cross-sectional analyses examined the relationship of LSL and changes in water disinfectant with BLLs in children o6 years of age. The study population was derived from the DC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program blood lead surveillance system of children who were tested and whose blood lead test results were reported to the DC Health Department. The Washington, DC Water and Sewer Authority (WASA) provided information on LSLs. The final study population consisted of 63,854 children with validated addresses. Results: Controlling for age of housing, LSL was an independent risk factor for BLLs Z10 mg/dL, and Z5 mg/dL even during time periods when water levels met the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb). When chloramine alone was used to disinfect water, the risk for BLL in the highest quartile among children in homes with LSL was greater than when either chlorine or chloramine with orthophosphate was used. For children tested after LSLs in their houses were replaced, those with partially replaced LSL were 43 times as likely to have BLLs Z10 mg/dL versus children who never had LSLs. Conclusions: LSLs were a risk factor for elevated BLLs even when WASA met the EPA water action level. Changes in water disinfection can enhance the effect of LSLs and increase lead exposure. Partially replacing LSLs may not decrease the risk of elevated BLLs associated with LSL exposure.

Bacteriophages as Indicators for Enteric Viruses and Public Health Risks in Groundwaters

Alzheimer's is a mental illness that mostly affects the elderly. It is characterized by dementia, cognitive impairment, and mood swings. The patient gradually fades into a state of perpetual darkness and lack of self-awareness. Here are some steps we can take to reduce our own risk.

Scientists are trying to find ways to prevent Alzheimer's before it comes knocking at your doorstep. Extensive research is taking place even as you read this. Everyone hopes to put together the answer before it becomes a global issue. Here are a few risk factors that you can and can't avoid:

Circumcision is a process of cutting a portion of the reproductive organ to enhance its capability of reproduction and it is a ancient practice that has religious rites.Benefits of circumcision are debatable but some health think that its benefits outweigh its risks .Benefits are decreases risk of sexually transmitted diseases and urinary tract infection and protection against penile cancer .

Women who have been detected early in the disease, they can usually be offered a curative treatment. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the greater the chance of cure. When it is found early, there is a 96% chance of healing. here is the complete Women who have been detected early in the disease, they can usually be offered a curative treatment. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the greater the chance of cure. When it is found early, there is a 96% chance of healing. here is the complete Breast Cancer Symptoms, Risk Factors, Stages, Causes and Treatment Symptoms, Risk Factors, Stages, Causes and Treatment

Did you know that if your parents are seniors, their number one risk of a fatal injury, a broken hip or traumatic brain injury is falling?... Read More

There are more than 200 types of HPV. Most of them are not harmful and disappear on their own. But at least a dozen types of HPV can remain in the body and sometimes cause cancer. Two in particular cause the majority of cases of cervical cancer. These types are called high-risk HPV. learn the signs symptoms, risk factors, causes and treament of Cervical cancer

How To Prevent Diabetes Type 2? You have just discovered that you are prediabetic. You can take meaningful steps to reduce your risk of diabetes. You can actually prevent diabetes simply by changing what you eat and how you invest in your physical health. The ball, my friend, is still in your court.

Around 8.3 percent population in the US has diabetes. Type II is the most prevalent form of diabetes. It is common among the young and the obese. Diabetes Mellitus or simply diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by an increase in your blood sugar. This results from an inadequate amount of insulin in the body or the cells' inability to respond to insulin.

The Canadian Beverage Association (CBA) has defended the industry's record on advertising sports drinks and energy drinks to children, after the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) labelled them "potential risks for the health of children".

Myomectomy is typically a surgical procedure to remove the toxic presence of fibroids in the uterus. The risks or complications carried by a myomectomy surgery are less. Still, the observant ones faced by women are

Hysteroscopy is a less-invasive diagnostic procedure in fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF). The process involves inserting a small, lighted telescope known as a hysteroscope through the vagina and cervix and into the uterus. Lets explore the role of hysteroscopy in IVF, benefits, Risks, procedure etc.

Know more about Tonsil Cancer, its symptoms, treatment, diagnosis and Risk factor involves in Tonsil cancer. Cancer Healer Center (Established in 1997, Headquartered in New Delhi, India) gives best tonsil cancer treatment in India. It also has branches in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Jaipur and Mumbai, which allows easy access and commutation for people in every corner of the country. For more please visit us : http://www.cancerhealercenter.com/

Lose weight quickly with the Slimming Jab at Olive Health & Travel Clinic. It also appears to improve many indicators of cardiovascular risk.

There are many reasons to stay properly hydrated, but only recently have scientists begun to consider diabetes prevention one of them. The amount of water you drink can play a role in how your body regulates blood sugar, researchers have found. The reason: a hormone called vasopressin, which helps regulate water retention.

According to the reports, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine has got successful results after various experiments to find a way to safely get rid of potentially lethal blood clots in the brain without making major cuts through easily damaged brain tissue or removing any large piece of skull.

Brain Tumor risks including surgery facts, as well as diagnosis also types either the primary tumor or secondary tumor. Treatments like MRI CT scan helping you to decide better for your health.

Stroke is a cerebrovascular syndrome that involves the blockage and bursting of blood vessels in the brain. It shows a multifactorial pattern of inheritance. High cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, hypertension and obesity are the key causes of stroke besides inherited genes.

Everybody agrees that healthcare professionals, no matter in what capacity they serve, require every bit of applause. Working in hospitals is indeed a hectic job, and clinicians work tirelessly from day to night.

MYTH: BOTTLED WATER BOTTLES ARE NOT SAFE. FACT Bottled water containers, as with all food packaging materials, must be made from FDA-approved food contact substances. So, the plastic and glass containers that are used for bottled water products (which are made from the same materials used in other food product containers) have undergone FDA scrutiny prior to being available for use in the market place. The FDA has determined that the containers used by the bottled water industry are safe for use with food and beverage products, including bottled water, and that they do not pose a health risk to consumers. Sometimes, the claim is made that individual retail-sized bottled water bottles contain Bisphenol A (BPA). This is not true; PET plastic, from which these bottles are made, does not contain BPA.

Drinking water regulations are designed to protect the public health. In the United States, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is tasked with developing and maintaining drinking water regulations for the 276,607,387 people served by the country's 54,293 community water systems. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulates bottled water as a food product. By federal law, the FDA's regulations for bottled water must be at least as protective of public health as the EPA's regulations for public water system drinking water. Despite many similarities in EPA and FDA regulations, consumer perception regarding the safety of drinking waters varies widely. This paper examines and compares the microbial health risks of tap water and bottled water, specifically examining differences in quality monitoring, regulatory standards violations, advisories, and distribution system conditions. It also includes comparison data on the number of waterborne illness outbreaks caused by both tap and bottled water.