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Objective: Evaluate the effect of changes in the water disinfection process, and presence of lead service lines (LSLs), on children's blood lead levels (BLLs) in Washington, DC. Methods: Three cross-sectional analyses examined the relationship of LSL and changes in water disinfectant with BLLs in children o6 years of age. The study population was derived from the DC Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program blood lead surveillance system of children who were tested and whose blood lead test results were reported to the DC Health Department. The Washington, DC Water and Sewer Authority (WASA) provided information on LSLs. The final study population consisted of 63,854 children with validated addresses. Results: Controlling for age of housing, LSL was an independent risk factor for BLLs Z10 mg/dL, and Z5 mg/dL even during time periods when water levels met the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) action level of 15 parts per billion (ppb). When chloramine alone was used to disinfect water, the risk for BLL in the highest quartile among children in homes with LSL was greater than when either chlorine or chloramine with orthophosphate was used. For children tested after LSLs in their houses were replaced, those with partially replaced LSL were 43 times as likely to have BLLs Z10 mg/dL versus children who never had LSLs. Conclusions: LSLs were a risk factor for elevated BLLs even when WASA met the EPA water action level. Changes in water disinfection can enhance the effect of LSLs and increase lead exposure. Partially replacing LSLs may not decrease the risk of elevated BLLs associated with LSL exposure.

Bacteriophages as Indicators for Enteric Viruses and Public Health Risks in Groundwaters

Alzheimer's is a mental illness that mostly affects the elderly. It is characterized by dementia, cognitive impairment, and mood swings. The patient gradually fades into a state of perpetual darkness and lack of self-awareness. Here are some steps we can take to reduce our own risk.

Scientists are trying to find ways to prevent Alzheimer's before it comes knocking at your doorstep. Extensive research is taking place even as you read this. Everyone hopes to put together the answer before it becomes a global issue. Here are a few risk factors that you can and can't avoid:

Circumcision is a process of cutting a portion of the reproductive organ to enhance its capability of reproduction and it is a ancient practice that has religious rites.Benefits of circumcision are debatable but some health think that its benefits outweigh its risks .Benefits are decreases risk of sexually transmitted diseases and urinary tract infection and protection against penile cancer .

Women who have been detected early in the disease, they can usually be offered a curative treatment. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the greater the chance of cure. When it is found early, there is a 96% chance of healing. here is the complete Women who have been detected early in the disease, they can usually be offered a curative treatment. The earlier the diagnosis is made, the greater the chance of cure. When it is found early, there is a 96% chance of healing. here is the complete Breast Cancer Symptoms, Risk Factors, Stages, Causes and Treatment Symptoms, Risk Factors, Stages, Causes and Treatment

Did you know that if your parents are seniors, their number one risk of a fatal injury, a broken hip or traumatic brain injury is falling?... Read More

There are more than 200 types of HPV. Most of them are not harmful and disappear on their own. But at least a dozen types of HPV can remain in the body and sometimes cause cancer. Two in particular cause the majority of cases of cervical cancer. These types are called high-risk HPV. learn the signs symptoms, risk factors, causes and treament of Cervical cancer

How To Prevent Diabetes Type 2? You have just discovered that you are prediabetic. You can take meaningful steps to reduce your risk of diabetes. You can actually prevent diabetes simply by changing what you eat and how you invest in your physical health. The ball, my friend, is still in your court.

Around 8.3 percent population in the US has diabetes. Type II is the most prevalent form of diabetes. It is common among the young and the obese. Diabetes Mellitus or simply diabetes is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by an increase in your blood sugar. This results from an inadequate amount of insulin in the body or the cells' inability to respond to insulin.

The Canadian Beverage Association (CBA) has defended the industry's record on advertising sports drinks and energy drinks to children, after the Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS) labelled them "potential risks for the health of children".

Myomectomy is typically a surgical procedure to remove the toxic presence of fibroids in the uterus. The risks or complications carried by a myomectomy surgery are less. Still, the observant ones faced by women are

Hysteroscopy is a less-invasive diagnostic procedure in fertility treatments like in vitro fertilization (IVF). The process involves inserting a small, lighted telescope known as a hysteroscope through the vagina and cervix and into the uterus. Lets explore the role of hysteroscopy in IVF, benefits, Risks, procedure etc.

Know more about Tonsil Cancer, its symptoms, treatment, diagnosis and Risk factor involves in Tonsil cancer. Cancer Healer Center (Established in 1997, Headquartered in New Delhi, India) gives best tonsil cancer treatment in India. It also has branches in Ahmedabad, Chandigarh, Jaipur and Mumbai, which allows easy access and commutation for people in every corner of the country. For more please visit us : http://www.cancerhealercenter.com/

Lose weight quickly with the Slimming Jab at Olive Health & Travel Clinic. It also appears to improve many indicators of cardiovascular risk.