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François Bertrand

OCDE Science, Technology and Industry Scoreboard 2007 : Highlights - 0 views

oberon.sourceoecd.org/...highlights.htm

international ocde statistiques

shared by François Bertrand on 22 May 08 - Cached
  • Investment in knowledge has grown at the same pace as GDP
  • In both Japan and the EU, R&D intensity (R&D expenditure relative to GDP) picked up in 2005 to 3.3% and 1.7%, respectively, following a drop in 2004. In the United States, R&D intensity declined from a peak of 2.7% in 2001 to 2.6% in 2006, mainly owing to stronger growth in GDP than in the other main regions. In 2005, China became the third R&D spender world wide (in purchasing power parity terms) after the United States and Japan, with growth of more than 18% a year in 2000-05.
  • Venture capital is a major source of funding for new technology-based firms and a decisive determinant of entrepreneurship and innovation. It represented about 0.12% of OECD-wide GDP in 2005, up from 0.10% in 2003. It was much higher in Nordic countries (and growing rapidly), but it still remains concentrated in the United Kingdom and the United States. In 2005, these two countries attracted half of all OECD venture capital.
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  • Innovation policies: increased focus on tax incentives and industry-university linkages
  • In 2006, 20 OECD countries offered tax relief for R&D compared to 12 in 1995
  • many OECD governments have encouraged universities to patent their inventions
  • While decreasing slightly, to about 7%, in the countries that pioneered such policies (Australia, Canada and the United States), the share has increased markedly in Japan and the European Union, notably in France and in Germany, although levels remain modest (1.5% in Japan, 3% in the EU, but more than 5% in France).
  • Co-operation between industry and public research institutions
  • The United States and Japan have a comparative advantage in biotechnology and nanotechnology patenting and in the relevant scientific fields, while the EU is the world leader in environment-related technologies (solid waste, renewable energy and motor vehicle abatement), with Germany playing a very active role. Japan is second to the EU in all three environmental technology fields. However, while patenting in renewable energy and motor vehicle abatement has been increasing rapidly since the mid-1990s, patenting in solid waste technologies has declined.
  • S&T and innovation performance: the rise of new players
  • In terms of specialisation, patent data show that emerging economies (India, China, Israel, Singapore) and the United States focus their innovative efforts on high-technology industries (computers, pharmaceuticals) while continental Europe concentrates on medium-high-technology industries (automobiles, chemicals).
  • Innovation surveys show that large firms have a greater tendency to innovate than small ones.
  • California and Tokyo are by far the most inventive regions in ICT and biotechnology
  • The United States has the most biotechnology firms (close to 2 200), followed by Japan and France (around 800 each). In most countries, biotechnology represents 2 to 6% of business R&D but the share is higher in the United States, Switzerland and Canada, and above all in some smaller countries where it exceeds 20% (Denmark, New Zealand, Iceland).
  • The Nordic countries (especially Finland) and Belgium are ahead of other countries
  • High- and medium-high-technology manufacturing accounts for significant shares of exports from Ireland, Japan and Switzerland (shares of over 75%) as well as from Germany, Hungary, Korea and the United States. Among the BRIICS (Brazil, Russia, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), these industries' exports are most important in China and Brazil, accounting for 55 and 32%, respectively, of total exports of manufactured and primary products. Because of the globalisation of value chains, a economy such as China imports more high-technology goods than it exports; much of these imports are components that are assembled in Chinese factories.
  • François Bertrand on 22 May 08
     
    comparaison internationale pas mal de données sur des idées qui circulent
François Bertrand

Research and development in East Asia | Rising in the East | The Economist - 0 views

www.economist.com/...displaystory.cfm

R&D expenditures COREE DU SUD

shared by François Bertrand on 17 Jan 09 - Cached
  • TO SEE the geography of the technology industry, crack open an Apple iPhone. Although the firm that sells it is American, it provides none of the physical innards. The components are almost entirely Asian: the screen is mostly from Japan, the flash memory from South Korea, and it was assembled in China. Apple’s contribution is the design and software—and, importantly, integrating the innovations of others.
  • The most impressive growth has been in South Korea. In 2007 Samsung spent more on R&D than IBM. The company has jumped to second place in the number of patents granted by America’s patent office (just behind IBM); a decade earlier it was not even in the top ten. South Korean firms spend more on R&D as a percentage of sales (6.5%) than European and Japanese firms (around 5%), and are catching up with American ones (about 8%). South Korea now has more high-tech researchers than Britain and Germany.
  • The starkest shifts are in computer services and manufacturing, where the roles of America and East Asia have diverged dramatically. The amount that American firms spend on research in computer services as much as trebled over the past decade. Japanese and South Korean firms, meanwhile, spend hardly anything developing services, and prefer to concentrate on more tangible, if less lucrative, hardware.
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  • Even the topology of the internet itself is looking less American. In 1999 around 90% of Asia’s international internet traffic passed through America; in 2008 the share dropped to 54%, according to TeleGeography, a telecoms-research firm. It is yet another example of how the technology industry, once dominated by America, is becoming truly global in nature.
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