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13, Elizabeth Fry, a British social reformer, began working to improve the conditions of the prison and the treatment of the inmates, especially the women and their children. Until Fry's policies were established, women, children, debtors, and convicted criminals were held together in open cells. In 1858, the interior was rebuilt with single cells.See also Fry, Elizabeth Gurney; Old Bailey.

Fry promoted humane care and treatment of prisoners, especially women and their children. From her first visit to London's notorious Newgate Prison in 1813 until her death,

separate facilities for women, religious education, and the training in meaningful work for all inmates. She also argued for the prohibition of alcohol in jails.

Prison reform--rehabilitation of criminals attempted to counter the tendency of prisons to create more hardened criminals. Work seen as way to reform criminals.

Abolishing of public hangings in many states

Reduction in crimes punishable by death

The WPA began as the "Female Department" of the PANY in 1845

attended to the specific needs of incarcerated women

Female convicts seated outside Sing Sing prison

Prisons, Poorhouses, and Asylums