Syntactic classes of words are traditionally called parts of speech.
Not all languages have the same parts of speech. Many languages have postpositions
rather than prepositions, like Georgian skolashi, to school; skoladan, from
school. Serbo-Croatian, Slovak and many other languages have clitics
(clitics are affixes attached to phrases instead of single words).
A common assertion is that all languages have at least nouns and verbs. It
is true that all languages have some means of conveying information as a concept
or as an event, but what a noun or verb is differs from language to language.