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The study didn't completely answer the question that circumcised men are less likely to contract HIV, but the coauthors suggest that the abundance of bacteria and unknown anaerobic bacteria can contribute to inflammation, which can contribute to infection of HIV within the foreskin.

Bacterial cultivation requires consideration of three things: The bacterial strain, cultivation medium, and cultivation conditions. Most microbiologists dutifully report their choice of strains and cultivation media in manuscripts; however, these same microbiologists often overlook reporting cultivation conditions. Without this information, it is difficult to determine if cultures were grown aerobically, microaerobically, or anaerobically.