not been shown to be related to any languages outside Australia. In the late
18th century, there were anywhere between 350 and 750 distinct groupings and a
similar number of languages and dialects
Group items matching
in title, tags, annotations or url
15More
Indigenous Australians - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia - 0 views
-
-
At the time of first European contact, it is estimAted thAt a minimum of 315,000 and as many as 1 million people lived in Australia. Recent archaeological evidence suggests thAt the land could have sustained a populAtion of 750,000[11].
-
the regions of heaviest Indigenous population were the same temperate coastal regions that are currently the most heavily populated
- ...12 more annotations...
-
While Torres Strait Island populations were agriculturalists who supplemented their diet through the acquisition of wild foods the remainder of Indigenous Australians were hunter-gatherers. Indigenous Australians along the coast and rivers were also expert fishermen. Some Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders relied on the dingo as a companion animal, using it to assist with hunting and for warmth on cold nights.
-
Torres Strait Islanders
-
Indigenous Australians did practise agriculture.
-
sugar cane, taro and sweet potato as well as husbanding pigs
-
In contrast Australian Aborigines did not cultivate any crops and lacked any domestic food animals
-
mainland Australia no animal other than the dingo
-
Indigenous diet included a wide variety of foods, such kangaroo, emu, wombats, goanna, snakes, birds, many insects such as honey ants and witchetty grubs. Many varieties of plant foods such as taro, nuts, fruits and berries were also eaten.
-
A primary tool used in hunting was the spear, launched by a woomera or spear-thrower in some locales. Boomerangs were also used by some mainland Indigenous peoples. The non-returnable boomerang (known more correctly as a Throwing Stick), more powerful than the returning kind, could be used to injure or even kill a kangaroo.
-
Permanent villages were the norm for most Torres Strait Island communities. In some areas mainland Indigenous Australians also lived in semi-permanent villages, most usually in less arid areas where fishing could provide for a more settled existence. Most Indigenous communities were semi-nomadic, moving in a regular cycle over a defined territory,
-
Many Indigenous communities also have a very complex kinship structure and in some places strict rules about marriage. In traditional societies, men are required to marry women of a specific moiety
-
To enable men and women to find suitable partners, many groups would come together for annual gatherings (commonly known as corroborees) at which goods were traded, news exchanged, and marriages arranged amid appropriate ceremonies. This practice both reinforced clan relationships and prevented inbreeding in a society based on small semi-nomadic groups.
-
The Indigenous Australians lived through great climatic changes and adapted successfully to their changing physical environment
1More
shared by sleavitt on 28 May 07
- Cached
Southwest Windpower: Renewable Wind Energy - 0 views
www.windenergy.com/index_wind.htm
alternative_energy conservation_sustainability natural_resources wind_energy
shared by sleavitt on 28 May 07
- Cached
-
I think this is very exciting. Wind generators that can be used at a household scale for those already plugged into the grid could revolutionize energy production. It will be interesting to see if these wind generators become prevalent across the nation, or if they are blocked by the Not In My Backyard effect and other challenges. It would be nice to see these wind generators at a smaller, more manageable scale.
13More
CHALLENGES 2006-2007: Malawi On Track to Meet Child Mortality MDG - 0 views
-
more than a million babies in the region die each year before they are a month old because of a lack of essential health care.
-
Malawi, together with Burkina Faso, Eritrea, Madagascar, Tanzania and Uganda, is regarded as having made significant progress in reducing infant deaths over the last 10 years, thanks to increased government spending on basic health care.
-
Currently infant mortality stands at 94 deaths per 1,000 live births in Malawi. A decade ago, the infant mortality rate was pegged at 146 per 1,000 live births.
- ...9 more annotations...
-
The Malawian government has intensified the promotion of low-technology and cost-effective measures such as vaccines against child illnesses, antibiotics to treat respiratory infections, and oral rehydration therapy against diarrhoea.
-
measures include the provision of free insecticide-treated bed nets against malaria, and education in improved family care and breast-feeding practices.
-
Illnesses such as polio and neonatal tetanus have been virtually eradicated.
-
Japanese figures show fewer than two deaths per 1,000 live births.
-
Tokyo has provided financial aid for the procurement of drugs and preventive materials.
-
Annually, about 73,000 children in Malawi die from preventable diseases. One in every five children dies before she or he is a month old, and one in every eight dies before her or his fifth birthday.
-
Malnutrition is associated with 54 percent of all children's deaths in Malawi, says the country's former advisor for health, Wesley Sangala. According to him, seven in 10 deaths of under-five children are attributable to diarrhoea, acute respiratory infections, measles, malaria and nutritional deficiencies.
-
She points out that malnutrition rates among Malawian children have not improved significantly since 1992.
-
Almost half of all children under the age of five (48 percent) are stunted, 22 percent are underweight, 59 percent suffer from vitamin A deficiency, and 80 percent are anaemic.
-
Describes Malawi's progress towards achieving the MDG of child mortality. Has a lot of really, really good statistics. Particularly important are the things that have worked to make a difference in child mortality rates, and the specific diseases that most commonly cause death in children in Malawi.
17More
HEALTH-AFRICA: Beef up Budget Allocations to Achieve MDGs - 0 views
-
the Africa Health Strategy 2007-2015.
-
15 percent of national budgets to health care,
-
It also urged governments to engage civil society and line ministries in mobilising resources for tuberculosis (TB).
- ...11 more annotations...
-
‘‘Eight million Africans are dying from HIV/AIDS, TB and malaria every year. We want to stop this,'' Regis Mtutu of the Treatment Action Campaign
-
Regarding the commitment to put aside 15 percent of national budgets for health services, ‘‘only Botswana and The Gambia have met this promise'', Mtutu said.
-
included a plan to set up pharmaceutical plants for producing life-prolonging anti-retroviral drugs (ARVs). Mtutu pointed out that ‘‘the ministers for finance and industry were not part of the discussion. To succeed, the health ministers need mandates from their finance and industry counterparts.
-
policy officer at Oxfam Kenya office, told IPS that ‘‘‘MDGs' is just a label. It is a brand. ‘‘HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria and other diseases are really the issue. It is about systems to deliver health care. This should be the starting point to meeting the MDGs,'' said Edete.
-
lthough governments have committed themselves to the MDGs and the Abuja target, some prefer to move at their own pace. Kenya's government, for example, says it will commit 12 percent of its national budget to health by 2008
-
‘‘It should be a step-by-step approach. Each country has its own strategy. If you set a time frame it might not work. For example, you cannot expect (strife-torn) countries like Somalia, Zimbabwe and the Democratic Republic of Congo to reach the 15 percent target. It is not practical,'' she told IPS.
-
the political and economic crisis in Zimbabwe deserves special mention as it is also a health crisis for Africa. People living with HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe cannot obtain the care they need and the climate of violence is perpetuating the epidemics of HIV and TB. ‘‘The shockwaves from the crisis in Zimbabwe are reverberating throughout the continent as refugees seek health care and other services in neighbouring countries. Our health ministers must speak out on Zimbabwe on health and humanitarian grounds,'' the coalition argued.
-
a new report, ‘‘Paying for People'', published this month (April), Oxfam estimates that 13.7 billion US dollars must be invested every year to appoint an additional 1 million teachers and 2.1 million health care workers urgently needed to break the cycle of poverty in Africa.
-
‘‘Today in too many of the world's poorest countries health and education services are dependent on a handful of workers struggling heroically to do their jobs on pitiful wages and in appalling conditions. Becoming a doctor, nurse or teacher is like signing a contract with poverty,'' Oxfam's Elizabeth Stuart wrote in the report.
-
Africa has 13 percent of the global population and 25 percent of the global burden of disease but only 1.3 percent of the global workforce.''
-
-
The report cites Tanzania as an example. This southern African country produces 640 doctors, nurses and midwives each year. But to reach the World Health Organisation's recommended staffing levels within 10 years it would need to produce 3,500 such health workers each year. Another example is Malawi where only nine percent of health facilities have adequate staff to provide basic health care. The country loses around 100 nurses each year ‘‘who emigrate in search of a better wage'', according to the Oxfam report. Charo told IPS that Kenyan health workers are not only moving overseas but are also seeking opportunities in the private sector for better pay. ‘‘If you work for government, you get 12,000 Kenya shillings (about 172 US dollars) but in the NGO or private sector you earn 40,000 shillings (nearly 572 US dollars) a month. People are tempted to move on.'' (END/2007)
-
-
Has some good statistics. Lists lots of problems in African heatlhcare. Has some info on Africa Health Strategy, and proposes more money will solve more problems.
1More
sewa.org | Sewa's Approach to Poverty Removal - 0 views
-
This article looks at two approaches to poverty removal. The first being focused on poverty as an income concept and thus removing poverty would be done through raising incomes, and the second looks at poverty as vulnerabiltiy to economic and social problems and thus focuses on social programs of education and health provision. SEWA, the Self Employed Women's Association, then goes on to give thier approach to poverty removal which is a combination of the two approaches.
2More
YouTube - Nigeria Classmate PC Pilot - 0 views
-
Intel Classmate PC pilot at Govt. Junior Secondary School in Jabi-Abuja, Nigeria.
-
Intel Classmate PC pilot at Govt. Junior Secondary School in Jabi-Abuja, Nigeria. This is the competition on the OLPC.
1More
Saving Energy at Home » Earth 911 - 0 views
-
This website gives tips on how to conserve energy. Ex. turing theromostate down, turn off lights, unplug appliances not being used. close shades, and buy more energy efficent appliances.
1More
Child Soldiers Prevention Act of 2007 - 0 views
-
Proposed Child Prevention Act - This bill is currently being considered at the UN at present day
1More
Beijing +5 - Women 2000: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the 21st Century Tw... - 0 views
-
This page looks at the corellation between poverty and women, and how the majority of people in the world living on less than 1 dollar a day are women. This is called the feminization of poverty. The page looks at how globalization has effected the role of women and how change can be made.
2More
Science fact sheet- traditional Maori fisheries - 0 views
-
Traditional Maori fishing operations were very well organised. Different tribes had their own fishing areas. Tribal boundaries were marked by landmarks and stakes and protected against trespassers. Fishing was often a community activity. Tasks involved everything from observing the movement of schools of fish and making gear, to catching and processing the fish. Early Maori knew a great deal about the life cycles of different fish. A fishing calendar was developed to work out when certain fish should be caught, what techniques to use, and whether it should be during the day or night. Kaimoana was a very important trading item. Coastal tribes traded it with inland iwi for goods such as birds, berries or workable stone. In Canterbury, Kaipoihai pa was a trading pa with eight different gates. It was similar to European trading sites in the middle ages.When Europeans arrived, Maori started trading with them. They bartered fish for other goods or sold it for cash. They exported fish to Australia in the early 19th century.
-
Maori are very knowledgeable and skilled fishers. Lines were made from flax fibre and sinkers from stones. Hooks were made from wood, bone, stone or shell. Sometimes a gorge was used instead of a hook. It was a straight piece of bone, sharp at each end and attached in the middle. When the line was pulled it turned sideways and caught in the fish's throat.
1More
YouTube - NTT DoCoMo Vision 2010 Part I-1 - 0 views
-
"2003" as the future (when was this made?)
1. high speed networks => video phone
2. remote for appliances
3. download music
4. used to purchase at vending machines
1More
History of New Zealand - NZ History - 0 views
-
Maori Legend – the creation of New ZealandA long time after the creation of the world – after Tane mahuta had created a woman out of red earth, breathed life into her nostrils, mated with her and had a daughter, who also became his wife and bore him other daughters, and after many other things had happened – the demigod Maui, who lived in Hawaiki, went out fishing with his brothers. They went further and further out to sea. When they were a long way out, Maui took out his magic fish-hook (the jaw of his sorcerer grandmother), tied it to a strong rope, then dropped it over the side of the canoe. Soon he caught an immense fish and, struggling mightily, pulled it up. This fish became the North Island of NZ, called by the ancient Maori Te ika a Maui (the fish of Maui) or sometimes Te ikaroa a Maui (the big fish of Maui). The Mahia Peninsula, at the north end of Hawke Bay on the east coast of the North Island, was known as Te matau a Maui (the fish-hook of Maui), since it was the hook with which he caught the giant fish. The South Island was known as Te waka a Maui, or the canoe of Maui, in which he was sitting when he caught the fish. Kaikoura Peninsula, on the north-east coast of the South Island, was the seat of the canoe. Another name for the South Island was Te wai Pounamu (the water greenstone), since much greenstone (jade, or pounamu) was found in the rivers there. Stewart Island, south of the South Island, was known as Te punga a Maui (the anchor of Maui). It was the anchor that held the canoe as Maui hauled in the giant fish.
26More
Wallerstein on World Systems - 0 views
-
makes possible analytically sound comparisons between different parts of the world.
-
This is why Wallerstein's theory gained acceptance in the anthropological community. We are interested in making sound cross-cultural comparisons.
-
I may be reading to much into the wording, but do we really want to "compare" cultures. When we talk about comparing cultures, it seems as if we are holding them to a certain standard. -
We are not comparing them to a standard - just trying to see the range of human possibilities - and how humans are interrelated.
-
-
feudalism
-
Three primary elements characterized feudalism: lords, vassals and fiefs; the structure of feudalism can be seen in how these three elements fit together. A lord was a noble who owned land, a vassal was a person who was granted possession of the land by the lord, and the land was known as a fief. In exchange for the fief, the vassal would provide military service to the lord. The obligations and relations between lord, vassal and fief form the basis of feudalism. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feudal_system
-
-
switch from feudal obligations to money rents
- ...13 more annotations...
-
These impoverished peasants often moved to the cities, providing cheap labor essential for the growth in urban manufacturing
-
Eastern Europe (especially Poland) and Latin America, exhibited characteristics of peripheral regions.
-
In Latin America, the Spanish and Portuguese conquests destroyed indigenous authority structures and replaced them with weak bureaucracies under the control of these European states.
-
This is the most common pattern found in the world simulation, though other forms emerge as well.
-
-
served as buffers between the core and the peripheries
-
According to Wallerstein, the semi-peripheries were exploited by the core but, as in the case of the American empires of Spain and Portugal, often were exploiters of peripheries themselves. Spain, for example, imported silver and gold from its American colonies, obtained largely through coercive labor practices, but most of this specie went to paying for manufactured goods from core countries such as England and France rather than encouraging the formation of a domestic manufacturing sector.
-
nice summary here of the relationship of core, semi-periphery, and periphery
-
-
Similarly, Protestants, who were often the merchants in Catholic countries, found they were targets of the Catholic Church. The Catholic Church, a trans-national institution, found the development of capitalism and the strengthening of the state threatening.
-
During this period, workers in Europe experienced a dramatic fall in wages.
-
This is interesting. We often think of this transition as benefitting the people of the Core - but it did not necessarily benefit everybody.
-
-
This powerful merchant class provided the capital necessary for the industrialization of European core states.
-
Is the merchant class the first indication of a middle class? If so, then why the fall in wages becasue it seems to me that all they created was a middle man to continously take the wages from the working class that supported the goods that were traded?
-
-
European states participated in active exploration for the exploitation of new markets.
-
With the independence of the Latin American countries, these areas as well as previously isolated zones in the interior of the American continent entered as peripheral zones in the world economy. Asia and Africa entered the system in the nineteenth century as peripheral zones.
-
Expansion of the periphery - this typically represents Round 2 of the World Simulation.
-
-
the core enriched itself at the expense of the peripheral economies. This, of course, did not mean either that everybody in the periphery became poorer or that all citizens of the core regions became wealthier as a result.
-
Wallerstein asserts that an analysis of the history of the capitalist world system shows that it has brought about a skewed development in which economic and social disparities between sections of the world economy have increased rather than provided prosperity for all.
-
This was the first time that an economic system encompassed much of the world with links that superseded national or other political boundaries
5More
Era of Green Electronics - 0 views
-
Certain materials used in electronic products are toxic and pose a threat to the environment.
-
Green electronics focuses on elimination of harmful elements and components, and recycling of electronic products at the end of life. Among the harmful elements are lead, cadmium, mercury and polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE).
-
there are still problems that need to be taken care of before we ship this equiptment over seas. We shoudl not overlook these environmental concerns.
-
-
Around 90 per cent of all electronic components contain some lead
- ...1 more annotation...
-
e-waste can be disposed in three ways: incineration, landfilling and recycling.
3More
HRD hopes to make $10 laptops a reality-India Business-Business-The Times of India - 0 views
-
HRD ministry’s idea to make laptops at $10 is firmly taking shape
-
$47 but the ministry feels the price will come down dramatically
-
Why can this one be so cheap in comaparison to the USA. What can we do differntly to drop the cost and get India on board?
-
1More
The Yes Men - 0 views
-
"The Yes Men agree their way into the fortified compounds of commerce, ask questions, and then smuggle out the stories of their hijinks to provide a public glimpse at the behind-the-scenes world of business. In other words, the Yes Men are team players... but they play for the opposing team."
Interesting way of doing business-incriminating evidence straight from the horse's mouth? The evidence against Dow is pretty substantial.